%\documentstyle[11pt,easyturk,multicol,alltt]{article} \documentstyle[11pt,my,easyturk,times,multicol,alltt,makeidx]{article} %\documentstyle[easyturk,helvetica,multicol]{article} %\documentstyle[easyturk,multicol]{article} %%% AKGUL \def\ps@myheadings{\let\@mkboth\@gobbletwo \def\@oddhead{{\sl\rightmark\hfil M. Akgul}}% \def\@oddfoot{{\rm\version\hfil\thepage\hfil \Date}}\def\@evenhead{\small\rm \thepage\hfil \sl\leftmark}% \def\@evenfoot{\@oddfoot}\def\chaptermark##1{}\def\sectionmark##1{}% \def\subsectionmark##1{}} \def\bakiniz#1{{\sl Bilkent: {#1}}} %\input mirror.tex \def\hang{\hangindent\parindent} \def\textindent#1{\indent{#1\enspace}\inorespaces} %\def\textindent#1{\indent\llap{#1\enspace}\inorespaces} \def\Item{\par\hang\textindent} \def\itemitem{\par\ident \hangindent2\parindent \textindent} \def\B{{$\bullet$}\ } \def\narrower{\advance\leftskip\parindent \advance\rightskip\parindent} \def\bol#1{{\bf #1}} \def\Date{Ocak '95} \def\version{Version-1.25} \textwidth 16.5cm \textheight 23.5cm \topmargin -1.0cm \pagestyle{myheadings} \oddsidemargin 0.0cm \columnsep 0.5cm \emergencystretch 30pt \parindent 0pt \def\baselinestrech{1.20} \parskip 5pt \markright{Internet: bilgiye erisimin yeni arac ve olanaklari}%{M. %Akgul} \makeindex %\nofiles \begin{document} \begin{Turkish} \thispagestyle{plain} \begin{titlepage} %\input xbil.kapak %\font\myhelva rphvb at 12 pt %\font\myhelv rphvb at 15 pt %\font\myhelc rphvb at 80 pt %\font\myhelvb rphvr at 12 pt %\font\depfont rphvb at 18 pt \def\bil{Bilkent } \def\uni{Bilkent University} \def\dept{Department of Industrial Engineering} \def\fac{Faculty of Engineering} \def\adr{06533, Ankara, TURKEY} \begingroup \hoffset 1.0cm \begin{center} %\vfill \vspace*{30mm} \hspace*{-65mm} \hspace*{-58mm} {\special{" /Helvetica-Bold findfont 100 scalefont setfont newpath 0 0 moveto (Bilkent) false charpath 2 setlinewidth stroke }} \vspace*{30mm} %\rule[-7cm]{0cm}{1cm}% \vbox to 7.0cm{ \begin{Turkish} \quad \\[5pt] {\Large\bf Internet: Bilgiye Erisimin Yeni Arac ve Olanaklari\par } \ \\[5pt] \version \qquad \Date \\[10pt] Mustafa Akgul\\[5pt] Bilkent Universitesi\\[5pt] akgul@bilkent.edu.tr \\[1cm] Research Report: IEOR-9410 \end{Turkish} } \ \\*[1mm] {\LARGE \bf \depfont \dept} \\ \vfill {\copyright M. Akgul \ 1993,\ 1994,\ 1995} \ \\[5mm] %\vspace*{8.5cm} {\Large \bf \uni }\\*[3mm] {\large \adr } \end{center} %\vfill \endgroup %\vfill %\centerline{\copyright \quad M. Akgul \quad 1993\quad 1994} \newpage %\thispagestyle{empty} \def\thepage{\roman{page}} %\input abstract \ \ \\[2.0cm] \centerline{\bf Ozet} \ \ Internet tum dunyayi kapsayan, su anda 4 milyon civarinda irili ufakli her turden bilgisayardan olusan bir elektronik agdir. Insanlar arasinda iletisim, dayanisma, bilgi ve tecrube paylasimina olanak sagliyan Internet, modern, canli, dinamik ve hizli gelisen bir kutuphane goruntusune sahiptir. Bu nedenle, ozellikle arastirmacilar icin, Internet klasik kutuphanelerin onune gecmistir. Internet'in araclarida hizli bir gelisme gostermektedir. Eskiden esas olarak {\bf smtp, ftp, telnet} olarak taninan Internet araclari, simdilerde {\bf web, gopher, wais} olarak biliniyor. Tum dunya uzerine dagilmis her tur elektronik nesneye hizli ve kolay erisimi saglayan Internet, gelistirilen gopher, web gibi yeni programlar sayesinde sadece bilgisayar uzmanlarinin kullandigi bir arac olmaktan cikmis, bilgisayardan korkmayan herkesin kolayca kullanabilecegi araclar silsilesi haline gelmistir. Bugun Internet'i yogun kullananlar arasinda arkeologlari, hukukculari, tipcilari, iktisatcilari da gorebiliyoruz. Kutuphaneler onemli bir degisim icindeler. En yogun Internet servisleri saglayanlar basinda ABD Kongre Kutuphanesi gelmektedir. Hukumetler de Internet uzerinden servis vermeye baslamislardir. ABD de basta Beyaz Saray olmak uzere yurutme ve yargiya erismek mumkundur (kararlar, dokumanlar, istatistikler vs. ). Israil, Kanada, Japonya, Ingiltere ve Avustralya onemli servisler vermektedir. Hizli ve coklu medyada icerebilen etkilesimli iletisim, Internet uzerinden verilen ticari servislerde buyuk artislara olanak saglamaktadir. Erisim araclarindaki gelismeler, ticari servislerdeki artislar, degisik toplum kesimlerinin katilmasi ile, kurulusunda sadece arastirmacilara yonelik bir ag olan Internet, tum insanliga yonelik bir ag olmaya dogru gitmektedir. Iletisim teknolojilerinde gelismeler, temel bilgisayar egitimi, kutuphaneler, acik ogretim, bilgisayar destekli egitim gibi konulari yeniden dusunmek geregini ortaya cikarmistir. Internet'in getirdigi bir diger boyut ise cok seslilik ve demokratiklesmeye katkisidir. %Internet bir yandan liselere %girmekte; ote yandan sivil toplum orgutleri, yerel %hukumetler, merkezi hukumetler %Internetin bir diger oneli katkisi ise co seslilik ve demokratiklesmeye %yaptigi katkidir. Internet, ABD'de liselere, halk kutuphanelerine, `community colleges' denilen yerel meslek okullarina, sivil toplum orgutlerine, ticaret odalarina, her buyuklukteki yerel hukumetlere, federal hukumete yayilmis ve bunlar arasinda iletisimi saglamaktadir. Toplumu olusturan cesitli birimler arasinda hizli, zahmetsiz iletisim ve bilgi paylasimi sagladigi icin toplumun demokratik surece katilmasi, farkli gorus ve onerilerin duyurulmasi, tartisilmasi, ve kamu yonetiminin saydamlasmasi konusunda yeni olanaklar ortaya cikmaktadir. Bu dokuman kullanici acisindan Internet'i anlatmayi amaclamaktadir: erisilebilen nesneler ve erisim araclari. Internet'in Turkiyede yayilmasi ve etkin kullanilmasina yonelik, tartismalara bir baslangic olmasi dilegiyle bazi oneriler yapilmistir. \newpage %\def\thepage{} \tableofcontents \end{titlepage} \setcounter{page}{1} %\input giris \section{Internet: Giris} %Internet; TCP/IP ve paket anahtarli aglardan olusan dunya %uzerinde milyonlarca bilgisayari baglayan buyuk bir %agdir. %Internet'deki gelisme ve yonelmeler, %standard ftp, telnet ve e-mail hizmetine ek olarak, %bilgiye erisime yeni boyutlar getirdi. %Bugun, Internet, ozellikle arastirmacilar icin, klasik %kutuphanelerin onune gecmeye baslamistir. % %Bu gelismeler; bilgisayar egitimi, elektronik aglar ve %bilgiye erisim konusunda eski bildiklerimizi unutup, yeniden %dusunmemiz gerektigini ortaya cikardi. % %Bu konusma, cok hizli gelisen, karmasik bir bilgi %okyanusu olan Internet'te cesitli bilgiyi arama, bulma, %erisim araclarinin %(ftp, telnet, archie, gopher, veronica, alex, www, lynx, Mosaic, %prospero, menu %gibi) %bazilarinin tanitimini canli %olarak gostermeye calisacaktir. % %\vfil Internet tum dunyaya yayilmis irili ufakli 4 milyon kadar bilgisayardan olusan buyuk bir agdir. Kullanilan bilgisayar her marka ve isletim sisteminden gelebilir. Internet'de dunya olcusunde Univer\-siteler, arastirma kurumlari, NASA, NBS, NIH gibi hukumet kuru\-luslari, bilgi\-sayar sirket\-leri ve diger ticari kuru\-luslar, MCI mail, CompuServ, ATT mail, Apple Link gibi firmalar tarafindan isle\-tilen ticari aglar, Birles\-mis Mil\-let\-ler gi\-bi ulus\-lar\-arasi ku\-ru\-lus\-lar, AMS, IEEE, %\break gi\-bi mes\-lek ku\-ru\-lus\-lari, ABD Kongre Ku\-tup\-hanesi, Patent Ofisi, Federal Reserve Board, Federal Election Commission, Kali\-forniya Eyalet Par\-lemen\-tosu gibi resmi kuru\-luslar, Israil Dis\-isleri Bakan\-ligi, cesitli duzey\-lerde ticaret odalari vardir. Internet temelde kullanicilara hizli, guvenilir iletisim ve insan deneyiminin urunleri olan nesneleri paylasma olanagi verdiginden tum disiplin ve meslek guruplari Internet'i kullanmaktadir. %Disiplin olarak Internet'i kullananlar Bunlarin arasinda bilgisayarcilardan baska, teorik ve uygulamali matematikcileri, astro fizikcileri, yuksek enerji fizikcileri, kimyacilari, biologlar gibi temel bilimcileri, deniz bilimcileri, meteorologlari, butun turleriyle muhendisleri, istatistikcileri, tip, ziraat, gibi uygulamali bilimcileri ve kutuphane, hukuk, arkeoloji, beseri bilimler, cografya, isletme ve ekonomi, tarih gibi cesitli disiplinlerde calisan bilim adamlarini sayabiliriz. Ilk okul ogrencilerinden, universite ogrencilerine, halk kutuphanelerinden, yerel ticaret odalarina, cesitli demokratik kitle orgutleri uyelerine, evinde calisan meslek sahiplerine kadar genis bir yelpazeyi Internet'de bulmak mumkundur Internet'i kullanarak herhangi bir kullanici sunlari kolayca yapabilir: \begin{itemize} \item meslektaslariyla haberlesme, makale degisimi, kitap, yazilim duyurusu, \item Konferans duyurusu, basvurusu, ozet, makale sunmak ve konferans orgutlemek, \item Belirli konularda uzman\-las\-mis, elek\-tronik tar\-tisma ve haber\-les\-me grup\-larina (lis\-te\-lerine) katilip, gelis\-meleri izle\-yip, soru sormak ve yardim almak, \item American Mathematical Society gibi meslek kuruluslari, Birlesmis Milletler gibi orgutlerin veri tabanlarina erismek, \item ABD'nin cesitli veri tabanlarina erismek: Kongre, Yuksek Mahkeme, Beyaz Saray, Ticaret Bakanligi gibi federal, Texas-One, Kaliforniya gibi yerel hukumetlerin veri tabanlarina erismek; Japonya, Ingiltere, Kanada, Avustralya, Finlandiya, Irlanda, Costa Rica, Peru veri tabanlarina erismek, \item teknik raporlara, ders notlarina erismek, \item Para vermeden bazi (Public Domain) yazilimlari edinmek, \item `On Line' universitelerde ders almak (Global Network Academy), \item Kutuphane kataloglarini taramak, \item Bilim ve meslek adamlarinin ve kuruluslarin adreslerini bulmak, \item `On Line' servisleri kullanarak kitap, makale, yazilim, donanim, giysi, yiyecek vs gittikce artan bir sekilde ticari urunler ismarlamak, tatil rezervasyonlari yapabilmek, ve tatilde Internet kanaliyla islerinizi takip edebilmek, \item `On Line Hospital'i ziyaret etmek, \item Ticari kurumlarin cesitli veri tabanlarina erismek. \item `Multi-cast' yayinlari izlemek: Rolling Stones konseri, film, gibi \item Internet'deki Sanat Galerine ziyaret edip, alis veris yapmak \end{itemize} Erisilebilecek nesnelerin sayisinin surekli buyumesiyle birlikte, bu nesneleri aramak, bulmak ve edinmek de gittikce kolay bir hale gelmektedir. Cesitli kurum ve mekanizmalarla endeksleme; siniflandirma, ve ozetleme cabalarida hiz kazanmistir: `Subject Guides', `Subject Summaries' ve `Meta-Index', `Resources-Index', `Virtual Libraries', `Web Indexes' gibi. Bu dokuman bir kullanici acisindan Internet'in olanaklarini ve araclarini anlatmayi amaclamaktadir. Ikinci bolumde Internet'deki nesnelerin turu, cesitliligi, kapsami konusunda bilgi vermeye calistik. Daha teknik olan ucuncu bolumde ise erisim araclari tanitilacaktir. Daha sonraki bolumlerde, tartisilmasi dilegiyle bazi oneriler yapilacak ve bazi referanslar verilecektir. %\input{notasyon} \subsection*{Notasyon} Bu metinde bir cok dokumana referans verecegiz. Bunlarin buyuk cogunlugu elektronik dokuman ve Bilkent Arsivinden e-mesaj(e-mail), ftp gopher, web (www) ve fsp gibi internet servisleri ile alinabilir. Bazen de arsivde bir dizin'e (directory) referans verecegiz. \bakiniz{dokuman} Bilkent arsivindeki bir dokumani ve \bakiniz{dir/} ise bir dizini belirtecektir. Metnin sonunda Bilkent arsivine nasil erisilebilecegi anlatilacaktir. %Tum Internet'te %{\bf node:Path/file} ya da {\bf Path/file@node}, node isimli %makinede Path/file seklinde erisilebilen bir dosyayi %belirtir. Bu metinde dosya `file' karsiligi, dizin ise `directory' karsiligi olarak kullanilmistir. Kullanicinin ekrana yazmasi gereken {\sf komutlar boyle} gosterilmistir. {\tt Bu sekilde yazilanlar} ya ekrandan dogrudan alinan satirlari ya da onemli komut veya kelimleri gostermek icin kullanilmistir. Program isimleri buna ek, bazen {\sf `sans-serif'} bazen {\bf koyu} bazende {\em italik} olarak gosterilmistir. Ozel isimler ve karisabilecek komut ve ifadeler `boyle' gosterilmistir. \subsection*{Bu Dokumani Okumamanin Yollari} Bu dokuman yeni baslayanlar icin bir tanitim ve kullanim kilavuzu olmayi amaclamaktadir. Ogrenmenin en eglenceli ve etkin turunun yaparak ogrenmek oldugu kanisindayiz. Bu nedenle, eline {\bf gopher} ve/veya {\bf web} `client' programi geciren herkesin bu araclarla `oynamasini', yani deney yapmasini hararetle oneririz. Bilgisayara ve calisan programlara zarar verme olanagi olmadigina gore, bu tip deneyler en ucuz ve yan etkisi olmayan deneylerdir. Bu tip deneylerden sonra bu dokuman ve benzerleri daha yararli olacaktir kanisindayiz. \section{Internet'in Getirdigi Olanaklar } %Internet'i Kasim '93 itibariyla 2 milyona yakin irili %ufakli bilgisayarin bagli oldugu, TCP/IP protokol ailesini %kullanan, paket anahtar esasli dunya olcusunde her tur %bilgisayar'in, Mevlana felsefiyle bagli oldugu, bir buyuk %ag olarak tanimlamak dogru ama bence gercegi, biraz %sakliyor. % %Bence Internet, {\bf paylasim\/}dir. %Insan'in en onemli %varligi olan aklinin urunlerini, yani bilimi %ve kulturu, kolay, hizli, canli bir sekilde paylasma %isteginin elektronik ortama yansimasidir. %Bu paylasma demokratik bir yapida gonullu olmakta ve %ortaya bir cocugun bile kolayca kullanabilecegi urunler %cikmaktadir. % %Internet'de sunulan servislerin degisim hizi ve %niteligini gostermek icin WWW servisindeki son gelismeleri %yansitan dokuman (kisaltilarak verilmistir. %\input erisim \subsection{Nelere Erisebiliriz ?} Dinamik bir yapisi olan Internet'i siniflandirmak zor ve tartismaya acik bir konudur. Bir miktar tekrari goze alarak erisilebilecek nesneleri soyle siniflandirabiliriz. %Ticari servisleri kullanmak icin onceden anlasma yapmak %gerekmektedir. \section*{Statik Nesneler: Arsivler} %\section*{Kamuya Acik Arsivler} {\fussy \emergencystretch 30pt Universitelerin, bilgisayar firmalarinin, hukumet kuruluslarinin, vb, elindeki belge ve programlari tum dunyada isteyen herkese (kamuya) acma yollarinin en basit ve yaygin yolu Kamuya Acik Arsivler'lerdir (Herkese Acik Arsivler). Diskte belirli bir yer ayrilir; oraya insanlar paylasmak istedikleri nesneleri koyarlar. Bunlar `White paper' olabilir, ticari yazilim icin `bug-fix' olabilir, `policy statement' olabilir, duyurular olabilir. Universite ortaminda ise gelistirilen tezler, yazilan teknik raporlar, programlar, ses ve resim dosyalari olabilir. Bugun Turkiye'de, Bilkent, ODTU, Bogazici, TUBITAK, ITU, Ege'de ve 9 Eylul'de herkese acik arsivler bulunmaktadir. } %Devlet Istatistik %Enstitusunun verilerine, Planlamanin %Dokumanlarina, Parlamentonun Tutanaklarina elektronik %olarak erismek o kadar zor %olmamali ornegin. Arsivlerde neler bulunabilir: \Item {$\bullet$} tezler, teknik raporlar. Bilimsel dergilerde cikan makalelerin onemli bir kismini dergilere sunulma asamasinda kaynaginda bulabilirsiniz. Bu oran disipline gore degisiklik gostermekle birlikte, gittikce buyumekte. \Item {$\bullet$} ders notlari, derslerde kullanilan programlar, \Item {$\bullet$} rfc (Request for Comment), FYI'lar (For Your Information), ietf (Internet Engineering Task Force) dokumanlari gibi (yari) standartlar, \Item \B Elektronik Dergiler, \Item {$\bullet$} Elektronik Kitaplar: Sekspir gibi klasikler, Kuran, Incil gibi kutsal kitaplar, vb. Ornegin, {\bf Gutenberg} projesi 2001 yilina kadar 10 trilyon elektronik kitabi (kopya sayisi) kullanicilara dagitmayi hedeflemektedir. \Item \B Tablo ve benzeri sanat eserlerinin .gif, .jpeg gibi formatlarda goruntuleri. Ornegin Vatican'daki Antik caga ait eserler (Oklid, Arsimed'in matematik kitablari) elektronik olarak erisilebilir. Ayni sekilde Louvre'a erismek de mumkun. \Item {$\bullet$} NASA'nin gozlemledigi Astrofizik verileri, \Item \B Cesitli Ses Kayitlari (ABD baskanlik secimleri; onemli basin toplantilari gibi) \Item \B Mimari arsivler \Item {$\bullet$} %DOS'tan Atari ve Amiga'ya; Mac ve NeXT'ten Mainframe'lere kadar; %ve ozellikle tum turevleriyle Unix icin; Tum bilgisayar cesitleri ve isletim sistemleri icin: Freeware, Shareware, Public Domain, CopyLeft'li (GNU) milyonlarca yazilim, bazi onemli olanlari, {\parindent 4pt \itemitem {$\bullet$} X11, \itemitem {$\bullet$} GNU, \itemitem {$\bullet$} NCSA, \itemitem {$\bullet$} BSD, BSDI, BSD386, NetBSD \itemitem {$\bullet$} Linux, \itemitem {$\bullet$} DEC'in Decus koleksiyonu, } \itemitem {$\bullet$} Netlib, Statlib, \itemitem {$\bullet$} Mac, Amiga arsivleri, \itemitem {$\bullet$} TeX arsivleri (CTAN), \itemitem {$\bullet$} DOS/Windows icin Simtel, Cica, \Item {$\bullet$} Network News'un arsivleri ve tartisma listelerinin tutanaklari, \Item {$\bullet$} Bilgisayar firmalarinin `bug-fix', `white paper', `product info' ve cesitli destek yazilim ve dokumanlari, \Item {$\bullet$} cesitli istatistik veriler (Birlesmis Milletler, CIA, World Bank, Penn Tables gibi), \Item \B ABD Kongre Butce Ofisi, Beyaz Saray Raporlari, \Item \B ABD Supreme Court'un kararlari (gunu gunune), \Item \B BBC'nin haberleri (gunu gunune), \Item \B Hava raporlari, uydu goruntuleri (saati saatine) \ ODTU arsivinde MS-Dos icin Simtel, Cica, Math, mcafee, novell; Linux, Aix, ve Internet icin ietf, rfc, fyi, internet-drafts gibi dokumanlar, cesitli internet araclari `binary'leri, TR-NET dokumanlari vs bulunabilir. Bilkent arsivinde ise Unix, TeX, GNU, X11, Internet, Math, IEOR, INFO, Sun4X, PC arsivlerine erisebilirsiniz. \ \section*{Taranabilen Nesneler} Anahtar kelime uzerinden bir veritabanini ya da `regular expression', veya `boolean search' denilen taramayi tum metin uzerinde tarama yapilan ornekler:\idex{tarama} \Item \B Phonebooks, whois, X.500 (telefon rehberine benzer) \Item \B finger, nslookup, dig (makina ve insan adresi arar) \Item \B Archie (Kamuya acik arsivlerin dizin/dosya isimleri uzerinde tarama) \Item \B Veronica ve Jughead (Gopher uzayinda tarama) \Item \B Kutuphane kataloglari \Item \B Wais (tum metin uzerinde tarama) \Item \B W3Catalog \Item \B Web Meta-Library (Global Network Academy) \Item \B Web Worm \Item \B Aliweb \Item \B Nortstar \Item \B Nomad \Item \B Jumpstart (js) \Item \B CrawlWeb \Item \B Lycous \Item \B Harvest \Item \B Glimpse \section*{Karmasik (composite) Nesneler} \Item \B Hypertext dokumanlar, \Item \B Coklu medya iceren dokumanlar. %\input ticari.tex \section*{Yari Ticari Servisler} \Item \B Her cesit kitap ismarlanmasi \Item \B Her turden CD \Item \B Ticari Firmalarin on-line kataloglari \Item \B Donanim ve Yazilim \Item \B Iletisim Servisleri, donanim, yazilim \Item \B Musik (Nota, Aletler, CD, vs), \Item \B Finans, `Leasing', ve Danismanlik \Item \B Seyahat \Item \B Cicek, Oyun \Item \B Sarap, Kahve, gibi yiyecekler \Item \B Spor vs baska Giyecekler \Item \B Ziynet, Spor Arabalar \Item \B Resim ve Sanat Urunleri \Item \B Journal Graphics gibi servisler \Item \B Dow Jones gibi servisler \Item \B Ticari on-line dergiler \Item \B e-mail temelli cagri servisi \section*{Digerleri} \Item \B tpc fax \Item \B Chat, Talk, IRC (Internet Relay Chat), \Item \B Internet Talk Radio, \Item \B Free University, \Item \B Virtual Reality, \Item \B MUD, MOO \subsection{Internet'de Kimler Var ?} %\input{kurum} %\section*{Internet Nedir?} Internet kisaca `Network of Networks' diye tanimlanabilir. Degisim cok hizli oldugu icin, verilen bu bilgiler cok cabuk eskimektedir. En tepeye bakarsak (bazi eksikleriyle) su aglari goruruz: \idex{domain} \begin{verbatim} ar be co ec fr ie mil no se tw arpa br com edu gov il mx nz sg uk at ca de es gr it net org su us au ch dk fi hk jp nl pt tr za \end{verbatim} Bunlarin her birine bolge (domain) diyoruz, ve \bol{TR} Turkiye'yi, \bol{DE} Almanyayi, \bol{EDU} Kuzey Amerikadaki universiteleri, \bol{GOV} Amerikan hukumetine bagli kurumlari, \bol{MIL} Amerikan askeri kurumlarini, \bol{COM} ticari kurumlari, \bol{NET} aglarla ilgili kurumlari, \bol{ORG} bunlarin disinda yari kamu k\^ar amaci gutmeyen kurumlari temsil etmektedir. Internet'deki toplam makinalarin \%85'ini olusturdugu \bol{COM} agina bagli \idex{com} ticari kuruluslar sunlardir. {\small \begin{verbatim} 3com convex horizon mmmg rain symbolics acc cray hp morningstar rambus synoptics acsc craycos ibm mot reasoning tandem adobe csc icon msen rockwell tartan ads ctron ig mtxinu rohmhaas tcp aer cygnus imagen nec rosetta tcs alcoa dec inmet netcom rsa teknowledge ams dg intel netcs saic telebit apollo disney intellicorp netix sarnoff tera apple dra intercon netsys sbc tfs arbortext dsi isc network sctc tgv arco encore isc newbridge scubed think att fmc isc-br next sgi ti auspex ford isx northrop shiva tis aware fore kodak novell sitemens transarc bbn ftp lgc nrc slb trw bellcore gat lockheed nynexst smithkline turing boeing gcg loral olivetti solbourne tymnet bull ge lucid omnet sony ub cayman gencorp macsch oracle sparta uci ccur gene marble osa spartacus unisys cdc goldhill maya ox spdcc unocal cgi greatcircle mcc pacbell spies uss cisco gte mcimail pinecreek sprint utc clarinet hac mdc prepnet sri verity clearpoint harris merit-tech prime ssesco viewlogic cli harris merl proteon ssw vitalink cmc harris-atd metaphor psg std wri cmi harvardsq metronet psi sterling xerox compaq hls mips pwfl stratus xeroxep contel hnsx mmc pyramid sun xylogics control honeywell mmm qualcomm sunquest xyplex \end{verbatim}} American hukumetinin arastirma agirlikli kurumlari ise \bol{GOV} bolgesindedir: \idex{gov} \begin{verbatim} ameslab bnl css fnal lbl nasa nist s1 anl ca dspo inel llnl ncifcrf nsf ssc bldrdoc cebaf epa lanl loc nih ornl usgs \end{verbatim} Mesleki ve Uluslarasi orgutlerin bulundugu \bol{ORG} altinda ise: \idex{org} \begin{verbatim} acm cert cshl ie mcnc oclc sug ahkcus chpc csn ieee ncsc omg ui ams cnd dreams ifcss nptn osf central cni eff igc nysernet siggraph x undp ciesacm worldbank usenix \end{verbatim} Ag yonetimiyle ilgili bolgeler ise \bol{NET}'in altindadir: \idex{net} \begin{verbatim} ans concert jvnc near nwnet sura cerf cren lig nordu path uu cic eu magic nsf ripe world \end{verbatim} Askeri arastirma kurumlarini iceren \bol{MIL}'de bolgeler ise: \idex{mil} \begin{verbatim} af army brl ddn navy ncsc nosc \end{verbatim} Internet'in en gelismis araci olan WWW icin 1--19 Aralik '93 arasi eklenen yeni servisler, Internet'in buyume hizi ve kimler ne gibi servisler sagliyor konusunda bir fikir verir kanisindayiz. %\input{yeni} {\parindent 5pt \relax \parskip 2pt \narrower \small \sl Announcements {\bf December 19, 1993} A graphical home page for Portugal is now online. Lots of new Internet subject guides are online at the Clearinghouse for Subject-Oriented Internet Resource Guides (see also Gopher access). This is interesting -- a meta-list of "what's new" pages. Feedback on Pete Deuel's "stretch text" prototype is now online. A new Web server is online for Department of Computing, Northern Territory University, Australia. A Web server is running at COSMIC. An interactive highway construction project locator map is online for the North Carolina Department of Transportation. University of Vermont's Web electronic museum exhibit The Vermont Whale. Canadian Communications Research Centre Web include CBC radio information Industry Canada documents, %and a Canadian Coat of Arms display. Information on the PASSWORD project in Europe is now online. The CDS is a data center dedicated to the collection and worldwide distribution of astronomical data, opening a Web server: SIMBAD, TOPBase of Opacity project, 3 Gigabytes of data. Information is online for the College Hockey Computer Rating and for EWHCI, East-West Int'l Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. A Web server is up at Calvin College. A Web server is online at University of Hartford. A new Web server is up at SUNY Institute of Technology at Utica/Rome. A new Web server is up at the University of Nottingham. Uof Tennessee, Web databases describing funding opportunities, meetings, manufacturing companies ... A graphical map of networked information sources in Italy is now online. The University of Limerick now has a map of Ireland complete with links to all known Irish World Wide Web sites. Information on a C routine by Kacper Nowicki that may be useful for reading parameters from fill-out forms is now online. A new Web server is up at KKSF. A Web server at Canberra for Environmental Design. {\bf December 12, 1993} The Web is getting really really big. Really quickly. {\bf December 11, 1993} The DOS Internet Kit has been updated yet again (by Dean Pentcheff at the Web server on tbone.biol.scarolina.edu) to include new software releases. Dept. of Chemistry at U of Sheffield Web ... WebElements: Currently, WebElements includes a periodic table database, interactive isotope pattern calculator, and an interactive element An experimental Web server is running at SUNY Plattsburgh in the Department of Biological Sciences on a Mac Quadra 800. {\bf December 10, 1993 } comp.infosystems.announce is a proposed moderated news group for announcements of Internet information tools and services. The English Server at CMU has lots of interesting new things: Cultronix, a new online journal of online culture, a directory of progressive political texts, ... NASA's Planetary Data System (PDS) archives and distributes digital data from past and present NASA planetary missions, astronomical observations, and laboratory measurements. ... A new Web server is online at the Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation, in Tokyo, Japan, serving Japanese information. A Web server is up at the Department of Biochemistry at the University of Cambridge. A new Web server is up at Department of Computer Science, Berlin University of Technology. The first ice hockey team on the Web! The Australian Public Access Network Association is now running a Web server with contact information, UUCP maps, and pictures of members. Wilson Lab at Cornell University is now running a Web server which serves information about the high-energy physics program at Wilson Lab, CLEO collaboration preprints, and related information. The December 2, 1993 issue of the Trincoll Journal --- a student run multimedia magazine --- has just been published. A HyperDiscordia Web server is up. A Web server that serves as a gateway to GlobalMUSH, a multi-user interactive environment with a global theme, is now up. A new Web server is up at QMS. Researchers at NASA and the University of Houston have implemented a proof-of-concept interface between the Web and their software reuse repository (which is based on a relational database). The interface has been implemented in two modes, with links and with forms. A Web server is up for the United Kingdom/Canada/Netherlands Joint Astronomy Centre in Hilo, Hawaii. The user guides for the 3.5-metre United Kingdom Infrared Telescope and the 15-metre James Clerk Maxwell Submillimetre Telescope are now online, with other documentation to follow. A Web page for the rec.windsurfing community is now online. Also, a Web-ification of the alt.folklore.urban FAQ list. A Web server is coming online for the complete works of William Shakespeare. The University of Maryland Amateur Radio Association W3EAX is now running a Web server. Computone Corporation, a leading manufacturer of data communications hardware and software, has put up a Web server. Current product datasheets, software release notes, and updated drivers are on-line. John December's latest summary of Internet tools for Network Information Retrieval (NIR) and Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) is now available. Bilkent'te var! A new Web server is up at the Department of Mathematical Sciences at Clemson University. The Computer Graphics Unit at The University of Manchester provides computer graphics and scientific visualization services(via Web). International Teletimes, an electronic magazine, is now on the Web. Carroll College is now running a Web server. Maintaining this list is a full time job. {\bf December 8, 1993} GNN mirror servers are now available at EUnet in Germany, TU Chemnitz, Universitaetsrechenzentrum, and Ireland Online. {\bf December 7, 1993} GYMBOREE is the world leader in age-appropriate parent/child play programs for newborns through 5 year olds. ... The Open Software Foundation now has a Web server. General information about OSF and its Research Institute are available. The FAQ for alt.fan.blues-brothers is now online. A graphical Norwegian home page is now online. A new server is up at Minho University in Portugal. A Web server is up for NASA press releases. {\bf December 6, 1993} GNN has some new features: an online registration form, an interactive comments form, and more. ... {\bf December 5, 1993} An example of stretch text, as envisioned by Ted Nelson, is online courtesy of Pete Deuel at Clarkson. Pretty funky... A Travel Resource Center is now online in GNN. It's the first Travel Resource Center on the Internet, and includes links to all kinds of information. It also has a syndicated column called World Travel Watch, and the first (so far as they know) currency rate chart on the net. A report on Web-related activities at Hypertext '93 is now online at HCC, courtesy Kevin Hughes. Notes on the Web birds-of-a-feather meeting are there, as well as general comments on Web-related demos. Postmodern Culture, the online journal, now has an official Web server. It is part of the new Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities at the University of Virginia Web server. A Web server is online for the Computational Science Education Project, an education project sponsored by the U.S. Dept. of Energy. They have developed a textbook for teaching computational science to an interdisciplinary audience of advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students. The release of the first version was at Supercomputing '93. The Swiss node of the European Molecular Biology network (EMBnet) has started a Web server. The server delivers information for the Swiss Molecular Biologist's community. A online information bulletin (Biocomputing News) is available which explains various topics of current interest in Biocomputing. A new Web server is online at the National Solar Observatory facilities at Sac Peak, in New Mexico. ... In addition to the primary Clemson University Web server, there is also a Clemson College of Engineering server. The first issue of The Directory, the South Bay`s directory of gay, lesbian, bisexual, and supportive businesses is available on the Internet. The Applied Research Laboratories of The University of Texas at Austin announces their Web server. ... internel ... The University of Tennessee Libraries announces its combined Gopher/Web server. Part of the server is a lighthouse tour. The Virtual Hospital is now online. A German Web interface to the simtel archive is now online. The ARTFL Web server now has a number of new reporting mechanisms. These include limited searches on the main database of 1880 texts, word frequency generators, and morphological analysis. The Web server at Cambridge Astronomy ... Supernova Remnants, NAS of NASA Ames Research Center has a Web server ... technical reports and images A Web server is online at Interpath. A new Web server is running at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory. The server includes the first coffee machine on the Web. A central Web server is running at Texas A\&M. Also, the Texas A\&M University Hypermedia Research Lab is now on the Web. The School of Information and Library Studies at the University of Michigan is pleased to announce its first Web server. Will Sadler at Indiana University School of Law has put online addresses of State and Federal Courts of the United States. The rec.martial-arts FAQ/pictures repository is now on the Web. A Climbing Archive is now on the Web. A Web server is running at Bilkent University. FreeHEP, a collection of software and information about software useful in high energy physics and related fields, has a new set of hypermedia pages. The RKBA archive has changed URLs. A quick FAQ for Mosaic for X 2.0 is now available. An experimental Web server is running for the AskERIC Electronic Library, a collection of information and pointers to resources of interest to a K-12 education audience. NTT Basic Research Labs in Japan has made a set of modifications to Mosaic 2.0 to support various national character sets, including Greek, Hebrew, Chinese, Korean, and Japanese. See information. A J.R.R. Tolkien information page is now online at University of Waterloo. See also: What's New for November 1993. What's New for October 1993. What's New for September 1993. What's New for August 1993. What's New for July 1993. What's New for June 1993. marca@ncsa.uiuc.edu } %\input gophers.yeni 1994'un son iki haftasinda Gopher dunyasina eklenenler: \begingroup \turkoff \small Name=National Public Radio Host=gopher.npr.org\\ Abstract=Program Information from National Public Radio \ Links to NPR Member Stations, transcripts and audio of news programs, \ other public radio related information \\ Name=North Suburban Library System's Gopher Host=gopher.nslsilus.org\\ Abstract=The NSLS gopher is primarily designed to aid librarians in \ finding and retrieving Internet information. The resources on the gopher \ reflect the subject interests of the libraries in NSLS, a multi-type \ library system in Illinois composed of libraries north and northwest of \ Chicago. \\ NAME=Sage Publications - Corwin Press and Pine Forge Press (UK) Host=sco.sageltd.co.uk Abstract=The Sage Publications gopher server offers an update catalogue \ of the books and journals we publish in the field of education. As well \ as offering descriptions of our product's, it also allows interested \ parties the ability to order material, they feel they may benefit from. \\ Name=Jobs and Human Resources Link Host=informatrix.com\\ Abstract=Informatrix Systems provides the "Jobs and Human Resources Link" \ services to employers, job seekers, consultants and contractors as a \ public Internet platform to match their needs. Employers may post jobs and \ job seekers may post resumes. Consultants post their fields of expertise, \ contractors post their services, and companies may post their needs for a \ consultant or contracted service. \\ Name=Cornell Vet Gopher Host=zoo.vet.cornell.edu \\ Abstract=Information about the Cornell Verterinary College, \ information related to verterinary medicine, especially \ verterinary medical education both within and outside the College. \\ Name=CARNet Host=carnet.hr\\ Abstract=CARNet is Croatian Academic and Research Network \ based in the University Computing Center, Zagreb. \\ Name=Gopher REACCIUN Host=dino.conicit.ve\\ Abstract=REACCIUN (Red Academica Cooperativa de Centros de Investigacion \ y Universidades Nacionales) es una Asociacion Civil del Estado, tutelada \ por el Conicit, la cual se encargara de gestionar los servicios de redes \ e informacion, administrados sobre la base de los protocolos establecidos \ en Internet. Potenciar y respaldar la investigacion y la docencia en y \ entre instituciones academicas y centros de investigacion en Venezuela. \\ Name=Uniforum SA Host=ufrmsa1.olivetti.za Abstract=This is a Gopher server for members of Uniforum SA \\ Name=U.S. Dept. of Agriculture APHISGopher Host=hal.aphis.usda.gov\\ Abstract=This server contains fact sheets and other information produced \ by the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service \\ Name=Reed College Gopher Host=gopher.reed.edu \\ Name=North Central College, Naperville, IL USA Host=nccseq.noctrl.edu\\ Abstract=Information about the North Central College class schedule, \ calendar of events, and general information about the College. \\ Name=Continuing Education and Extension (CEE) - University of Minnesota\\ Host=www.cee.umn.edu \\ Name=State University of New York (SUNY) - Oneonta's Oasis Server\\ Host=SNYONEAB.ONEONTA.EDU Abstract=SUNY Oneonta's main gopher ("Oasis") contains bus schedules, \ class notes, registration information, campus bulletins, policies and \ procedures and campus directory information. \\ Name=SELIA, Sistema en Linea de Informacion Academica Host=kanojo.ivic.ve\\ Abstract=Venezuelan Academic Information Gopher \\ Name=U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs Network (DOSFAN) Host=dosfan.lib.uic.edu\\ Abstract=The server contains press briefings, publications, fact sheets and \ general information about the U.S. Department of State provided by the U.S. \ dept. of State Public Affiars Office and made avaialble by the University \ of Illinois at Chicago University Library. \\ Name=807-CITY Ontario Tourism Database Host=tourism.807-city.on.ca\\ Abstract=Lots of tourism information for Northwestern Ontario. We will \ also be hosting the 1995 Nordic World Ski Championships in March, 1995. \ We will eventually be expanding to a full free-net type service based on \ gopher. \\ Host=gopher.xroads.com Name=Crossroads Communications\\ Abstract=Crossroads Communictions is Arizona's original public access \ Unix system. The Crossroads gopher contains information on personal and \ business Internet accounts, an on-line registration form, Crossroads \ tutorial and Internet help documents, search engines, and links to \ Arizona and other gophers. \\ Name=Information Systems Research Institute of Russia\\ Host=gopher.riis.ru Abstract=The Information Systems Research Institute of Russia server \ contains information from about current projects, contests and other \ stuff from RosNIIIS, Russian Federation State Committee for Higher \ Education official documents, documents related to EDU.RU zone \ administration, and information from the Moscow Association for \ International Education as well as many russian texts which can \ displayed in both KOI-8 (RFC 1489) and alternative (Microsoft 866 \ codepage) codings. \\ Name=Xavier University Host=xavier.xu.edu\\ Abstract=Xavier University Calendar, Athletic Calendar, Library \ Facilities, Academic Computing Facilities information \\ Name=ASCD (Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development)\\ Host=gopher.ascd.org \\ Name=Parklawn Computer Center Host=ibm2.pcc.dhhs.gov\\ Abstract=This server provides information regarding the Parklawn Computer \ Center -- a fee-for-service computer center serving agencies of the U.S. \ Dept. of Health \& Human Services. A directory of all DHHS employees is \ provided and information specific to various agencies within the department \ will be provided. \\ Name=Laurentian University Gopher Host=libr02.laurentian.ca\\ Abstract=Welcome message and information about Laurentian University\ University Calendar and Campus Telephone Directory, \ University Policies and Procedures, Academic Departments Highlights, \ Laurentian's Library \\ Name=MIDnet, Net-Happenings Archive Host=gopher.mid.net Port=7000\\ Abstract=This gopher provides a view of the net-happenings mailing list. \ It contains explorable directories that show what articles have arrived \ today and what articles sent over the past few months. It also \ contains mechanisms for searching by title and by text. \\ Name=Youngstown Free-Net Host=yfn.ysu.edu\\ Abstract=Youngstown Free-Net via gopher. Offers read-only access \ to most of YFN's resources. \\ Name=Gopher REUNA-Red Universitaria Nacional (Concepcion, Chile)\\ Host=arauco.reuna.cl \\ Name=University of Minnesota-English Department Host=english-gopher.cla.umn.edu\\ Abstract=The U of MN English Department Gopher Server, currently in the \ development stage, will contain information about each English Office \ (Graduate Studies, Undergraduate Studies, Creative Writing, Main Office, \ and Composition), faculty profiles, calendar of events, department \ publications, etc. The English Major Guidebook and Graduate Studies \ Handbook will also be available on line. \endgroup %\input yeni94.tex Web'de 94 Aral=i=g=inda son 2 g=undeki geli=smeler =ozet olarak: \begingroup \parindent 0pt \parskip 2pt \turkoff PICK OF THE WEEK: Mac Net Journal Philadelphia, PA, US The Internet's downloadable, interactive zine to help Macintosh users get the most of their Net connections and downloads is available in hypertext. This homepage contains plenty of links to Macintosh servers, a link to Mac Net Journal Online, and links to download the latest issue of the journal. Mac Net Journal and Mac Net Journal Online are published biweekly. Amnesty International is the grandparent of human rights organizations around the world. It appears in the What's New Page as a public service announcement of GNN. Friday, 30 December 1994 1994 Internet Marketing Successes The Tenagra Corporation, Houston, TX, US CheckPoint Software Technologies Ltd. Lexington, MA, US North Carolina State U. Basketball Page Jeff Page, Raleigh, NC, US Tourism in New Zealand's Bay of Plenty Region New Zealand. Division of Surface Science of the CIC/CAP INRS-energie et Materiaux, Varennes, Quebec, Canada JES \& Associates, Inc. - The Internet Training Source Anaheim, CA, US Wall Street Direct Carlsbad, CA, US Hamilton Amateur Astronomers Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Population Approach Group Europe (PAGE) Berlin, Germany Editions Didier Millet Singapore American Training Standards Institute (ATSI) Waxahachie, TX, US MESCH Internet Presence \& Publishing, Inc., Norfolk, VA, US World Wide Glide Single Malt Enthusiasts Group, Seattle Chapter, Seattle, WA, US Binary Watch Pacific Micro Electronics,Inc., Mountain View, CA, US The St John's Anime Film Society St John's, Newfoundland, Canada VIBE Line VIBE Magazine, New York, NY, US The Oriental Institute The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, US VNP Software Home Page Cambridge, MA, US University of Iowa Campus-wide Information System Weeg Computing Center, U. of Iowa, Iowa City, IA The Environmental Resource Center Houston, TX, US June Claremont, CA, US Physics \& Astronomy Server - Univ. of Pittsburgh Department of Physics \& Astronomy, U. Pitt., Pittsburgh Critique - The Reviewer's Choice Clockwork Wizards, Norfolk, VA, US Bilingual Software Infoboard Internet Services, MA, US Erik Josowitz Creative Consulting Austin, TX, US MTV Oddities Viacom Online, New York, NY, US Graphiti Graphiti, US Cool Edit Home Page ElektroPost, Stockholm, Sweden Netstuff Durham, NC, US Sedona Online Sedona, AZ, US Centre for Applied Ethics - Univ. of British Columbia Vancouver, B.C., Canada INRS-Energie et Materiaux Varennes, Quebec, Canada Lost Creek Mushroom Farm Perkins, OK, US PAWWS Portfolio Accounting World-Wide Jersey City, NJ, US IAGIweb Internet Access Group, Inc., Bethesda, MD, US Linkoping, Sweden Linkoping, Sweden Department of Medical Informatics Columbia University, New York, NY, US Moe's Books: Virtual Moe's Berkeley, CA, US Illustrated Poetry On-line InterAccess Technology Corp., Nepean, Ontario, Canada Internet Speed Dialer The Sphere Information Services, San Jose, CA, US Cathay Creations' Electronic Catalog Madison, WI, US Society For Creative Anachronism - East Kingdom Zachary Kessin, Waltham, MA, US Explore OnNet for Windows software.net, Menlo Park, CA, US The Shelburne Museum Cybermalls Corporation, Colchester, VT, US Bay Park Medical, P.C. Brooklyn, NY, US Belmont University Belmont Univ. Computer Services, Nashville, TN, US David D. Lattanze Center Joseph A. Sellinger School of Business, Baltimore, MD, US Inters Corporation. Great Falls, VA, US The Picture Palace Gravity Entertainment, Montclair, NJ, US The Klipsch Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering New Mexico State University, Las Cruces The Enchanted Doll House Cybermalls Corporation, Colchester, VT, US Welcome to NetUSA Pacific Micro, Mountain View, California, USA MicroServe Information Systems Plymouth, PA, U.S.A Marshall University School of Medicine Huntington, WV, US New England Aikikai Cambridge, MA, US Toyohashi University of Technology Toyohashi, Aichi, Japan Stanford Integrated Manufacturing Association Stanford, CA, US Macom Networking Jerusalem, Israel The RealTime WebSite CBC Stereo FM (Vancouver), Vancouver, BC, Canada Music Education Resources Tina Scott, UIUC, Champaign, IL, US University of Antwerp: UFSIA UFSIA, Antwerp, Belgium The Tech Classics Archive The Tech, MIT, Cambridge, MA, US Metro Link WWW Server Metro Link Incorporated, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, US The Original Tulsa Home Page Galaxy Star Systems, Tulsa, OK, US Dorothy Day House Berkeley, CA, US James Armstrong's Photo Gallery James C. Armstrong, Jr., Foster City, CA, US Danclink Danclink International, San Diego, CA, US Master's Glo Widgets Inc. APK.net, Cleveland, OH, US HPCC K-12 Project NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, US SmokyNet W3 Smoky Hill High School, Aurora, CO, US Blithedale Books San Diego, CA, US The Revelation of Jesus Christ Jesus Christ's Eternal Abundant Life, Inc., Monroe, GA, US Wednesday, 28 December 1994 \endgroup \subsection{Konu Indeksleri ve Internet Meta Index} Internet'de nelere erisilebilecegin bir diger ornegi cok yeni deneysel bir arac olan Prospero {\bf MENU} programi ve Gopher'dan bazi aktarmalarla gostermeye calisalim. Bunlar {\bf Subject Tree} adi altinda da bilinirler. %\input{menu.1} \idex{prospero}\idex{MENU} \idex{konu-endeksi} \begin{verbatim} Prospero Menu Browse Menu for MENU 1> Pathways through the Internet 2> Papers and reports 3> FTP archive sites 4> Online databases 5> Real-time information (Weather, Earthquakes, etc) 6> Multiple-User Text-Based Virtual Reality Systems 7> University of Minnesota Root Gopher Server Press a number to select a menu item, q to Quit: 1 1> Areas of interest by subject \end{verbatim} \begin{multicols}{2} \begin{verbatim} 1> Aerospace 2> Agriculture 3> Anth 4> Arts 5> Astronomy 6> Biology 7> By_Country 8> Census 9> Chemistry 10> Computing 11> Economics 12> Education 13> Engineering 14> Environment 15> Fun 16> Geography 17> Geology 18> Government 19> Grants 20> History 21> Language 22> LibSci 23> LitBooks 24> Math 25> Medicine 26> Military 27> MoreAbout 28> Music 29> Networks 30> Oceanography 31> Physics 32> Reference 33> RelPhil 34> SocPsy 35> Travel 36> Weather \end{verbatim} \end{multicols} \idex{Economy} \begin{verbatim} Press a number to select a menu item, q to Quit, u to go up a menu: 11 30> Economics and Business Journals 31> GAO Reports 32> Gross State Product Tables from US Bureau of Econ. Analysis 33> International Political Economy (mailing list archive) 34> Internet Business Journal 35> Internet Business Journal 36> Investment Data Collection at Data General 37> Izviestia/Financial Times Newspaper 38> Japan Economic Newswire 48> Penn World Tables (From nber.harvard.edu; SHSU mirror) 51> Proposed US Budget for 1994 (from sunsite.unc.edu) 56> Statistics, Econometrics, and Computational Economics Collection 60> The 1990 Census (Summaries and information -- from UMissouri) 61> The Cyberchronicle of Political Economy (COPE) Press a number to select a menu item, q to Quit, u to go up a menu: 32 \end{verbatim} %\input{menu.2} Tarim ve Ormancilik konusunda erisilebilecek nesneler konusunda bir fikir vermesi icin bazi kaynaklari gosterelim:\idex{Agriculture}\idex{Forestry} \begin{verbatim} --> 4. Agriculture and Forestry/ 4. 1993 Flood Relief Information (via UIUC)/ 8. Agricola 9. Agricultural Extension Information: Univ. of Delaware/ 10. Agricultural Market News (from WAIS) 11. Agriculture Journals/ 12. Asia & Pacific Rim Agriculture & Trade News/ 22. Economic Research Reports (US Dept of Agriculture)/ 28. Food & Drug Administration 41. NOT JUST COWS - A guide to Internet resources in Ag.. 53. Texas Agricultural Extension Service (TAEX) Software Catalog/ 54. US Dept of Agriculture Current Research Information System \end{verbatim} Saglik konusundan bazi ornekler verirsek:\idex{Medicine} \begin{alltt} \centerline{\bf Medicine and Health} 4. AI in Medicine Archives/ 6. AMA Network/ 10. Anesthesiology Gopher/ 13. Archive: Fam-Med - Computers in Family Medicine/ 16. Albert Einstein College of Medicine/ 19. Bio-Medical and Related Gophers(Stanford)/ 24. CAMIS (Center for Advanced Medical Informatics at Stanford)/ 36. E.T.Net (National Library of Medicine)/ 45. Boston University, School of Medicine 50. IST National Inst. for Cancer Research, Genova, (IT)/ 53. CYCERON [CYclotron - ChEmistry - PositRON) (France) 57. Internet/Bitnet Health Sciences Resources, Hancock (9/93) 65. Medical FTP Files/ 76. Medical software (Mac)/ 101. Online Medical Resources/ 102. Genetics Resources/ 111. Guides to Life Sciences Internet Resources/ 143. JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE/ 170. MEDNEWS (Mirror Site at University of Pennsylvania) 209. NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE/ 311. The American Heart Association/ 324. United States Medical Libraries/ 498. World Health Organization \end{alltt} %\input politics.1 WLU Subject Tree'den `Politics' altinda goreceklerimizden bazilari: \begin{alltt} \centerline{\bf Politics} 2. ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union) [6601]/ 3. African National Congress Information (ANC)/ 6. American Political Science Association Gopher/ 7. Americans Communicating Electronically (ACE)/ 14. Australian Law Documents/ 17. Background Notes (Country Information) -- UM-St.Louis/ 25. Budget (Proposed) -- United States/ 43. California. State Legislature Gopher/ 45. Canada. Open Government Server 67. Connect to Supreme Court Decisions (U. of Maryland)/ 93. FinanceNet (US National Performance Review)/ 97. Foreign Government Resources/ 105. Global Democracy Network/ 114. Guides to Government Internet Resources/ 134. Israel Foreign Ministry - Information Service Gopher/ 160. Maastricht Treaty of European Union/ 197. North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)/ 239. Soviet Archives/ 249. Tasmania (Australia). Departments of Premier & Treasury/ 269. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Trade Data Bank 286. UNDP: United Nations Development Programme/ 303. United States Government Programs (search) 305. Universite de Montreal Law Gopher (English version)/ 313. Utah State Legislature [3001]/ 323. World Factbook (Search, Via UNC -- Used Heavily, Be Pat.. \end{alltt} %\input antro.1 Antropoloji ve Arkeoloji konusunda bulabileceklere bazi ornekler: \begin{alltt} \centerline{\bf Anthropology, Archeology} 2. ANU, Dept of Prehistory, Paleo- & Archaeobotany Researc.. 5. ASEDA, the Aboriginal Studies Electronic Data Archive 8. African and African-American Studies/ 12. Applied Anthropology Computer Network/ 19. Canberra Anthropology Journal Index, 1977- 21. Classics and Mediterranean Archaeology 22. Complete annotated catalogue of microfilms collection o.. 34. International Council of Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS.. 40. National Archeological Database (US National Park Ser.. 43. Search the "ANU-Asian-Settlements" database 48. Thai-Yunnan Project - annotated bibliography and resear.. 50. University of Georgia, Anthropology/ 52. University of Kent, Centre for Social Anthropology a.. 56. University of Zagreb, Institute of Ethnology & Folklore Re../ 60. Yale University, Anthropology & Archaelogy Archives [7000]/ \end{alltt} %\input{math} {\small \idex{Mathematics} \begin{alltt} \centerline{\bf Mathematics} 1. About this directory. 2. **Mathematics Subject Tree (from Euromath.dk)/ 3. A Fuzzy Logic Tutorial. 4. AMS Combined Membership List (Instructions). 5. AMS Combined Membership List (Instructions). 6. AMS Combined Membership List (Search) 7. Algebraic Geometry (alg-geom) (university of Chicago)/ 8. Algebraic Geometry E-Prints (Duke University)/ 9. Algebraic Geometry Preprints (Duke University). 10. American Mathematical Society/ 11. Applied and Computational Mathematics at NIST (DIV 881)/ 12. Archive of sci.math.research USENET newsgroup/ 13. Argonne National Laboratory, Mathematics and Computer Science Di../ 14. Banach Space and Functional Analysis Bulletin Board (Oklahoma St../ 15. Calculus Reform. 16. Chance Database (Dartmouth)/ 17. Complex systems: artificial life, AI, chaos, fractals, etc/ 18. Computational Algebra/ 19. Computer Algebra Netherland (CAN)/ 20. Differential Geometry (Connexion). 21. Discussion Lists and Bulletin Boards (Via AMS)/ 22. E-Math - American Mathematical Society 23. Electronic Library des ZIB 25. Electronic Preprints from Several Complex Variables Library/ 27. Euromath Center (EmC) (University of Copenhagen)/ 28. Euromath System (Denmark)/ 29. Euromath gopher server (Denmark)/ 30. Florida State University, Mathematics Department/ 31. Fractals FAQ (sci.fractals). 33. GAMM-Umfrage "uber Computer-Algebra. 34. GAMS: Guide to Available Mathematical Software (NIST)/ 35. GAP/ 36. Infinite Analysis (Kyoto University). 37. Internet Amateur Mathematics Society/ 38. Journal of Statistics Education Information Service/ 39. Keyword Search of MR Subject Classifications 40. Listservs in Mathematics and Statistics. 41. Los Alamos National Laboratory Abstracts. 42. MPS - Dir. for Math and Physical Sciences (from NSF)/ 43. Macaulay/ 44. Math FAQ (sci.math). 45. Math Reviews 1991 Subject 46. Math Software (from MacSciTech)/ 47. Mathematical Institute, Copenhagen/ 48. Mathematical Physics Preprint Archive (mp_arc)/ 49. Mathematical Topics at Centre for Scientific Computing, Finland/ 50. Mathematician LookUp 51. Mathematics & Physical Sciences Directorate Letters/ 52. Mathematics Archives/ 53. Mathematics Archives (at the University of Tennesse)/ 54. Mathematics Journals/ 55. Mathematics in the Former Soviet Union. 56. McGill Math Department/ 57. NSF's STIS (Science and Technology Information System)/ 58. Northwestern University, Mathematics Department/ 59. Number Theory Mailing list (bit.listserv.nmbrthry)/ 60. Other Mathematics Related Gophers/ 61. Pi Calculated to One Million Places/ 62. Pi is 3 in Indiana. 63. Putnam Problems & Unofficial Sol's 1992 64. Rivest Factoring Achievement. 65. SGML-MATH and SGML-TABLES. 66. SIAM Gopher (Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics)/ 67. SIMATH-3.5/ 68. Search Mathematical Reviews Subject Classifications 69. Search preprints on algebraic geometry (via NCSU) 70. Society for Mathematical Biology Digest (NIH)/ 71. Software/ 72. Spaceships in Conway's Game of Life (addendum). 73. Stats Mailing List Archive 74. The Mathematics Behind Perspective. 75. UC-Berkeley/ 76. University of Heidelberg, Inst. of Pure Math/ 78. University of South Carolina, Mathematics Department/ 79. University of Wisconsin, Mathematics Department/ 80. calc/ 81. mathNEWS (UWaterloo)/ 82. pari-1.37/ 83. the International Journal of Analytical & Experimental Modal Ana../ \end{alltt} } %\input{phys.1} \idex{Physics} \begin{alltt} \centerline{\bf Physics} 1. Astronomical Internet Resources/ 2. Astrophysics Abstracts and Selected Papers - SISSA/ 3. CERN/ 4. Cold Fusion Bibliography 5. Electromagnetic Wave Research Institute (Florence, Italy)/ 6. HEPnet (High-Energy and Nuclear Physics)/ 7. High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center 9. Journal of Chemical Physics Express/ 10. LANL Advanced Computing Laboratory/ 11. LANL Nonlinear Science Information Service/ 12. LANL Nuclear and High Energy Physics Information Service/ 13. NASA Gopher Servers/ 14. NASA Information Sources TELNET (compiled by MSU)/ 15. NASA by Subject/ 16. NHEPIC - Nuclear and High-Energy Physics Information Center/ 17. National Institute for Nuclear and High-Energy Physics Netherlan../ 18. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) U.S./ 19. Nuclear Data Center 20. PINET - README FIRST 21. PINET - American Institute of Physics Information Network 22. Physics Institutes Worldwide/ 23. Physics Resources (prepared at U. of Chicago)/ 24. SSEOP (Space Shuttle Earth Observations Project) 25. Space Physics Analysis Network Infomatiion Center 26. Space Telescope Electronic Information System (STEIS)/ 27. University of Augsburg Physics Information/ 28. University of Texas Austin Fusion Studies/ \end{alltt} %\newpage Belirli konularda ozet bilgileri iceren {\bf Subject Oriented Resource Guides}'da ise sunlar bulunabilir: %\input sub-guides.tex {\index{Resource-Guides} \label{sub-guides} \begin{verbatim} Subject-Oriented Resource Guides--Michigan (stored Locally) 1. Academic Computing Training & User Support; M. Kovacs; v8; 03/94 2. Adult/Distance Education; J. Ellsworth; 07/01/94 3. Aerospace Engineering; C. Poterala, D. Dalquist; v2; 3..5/94 (UMich) 4. Agriculture, Veterinary Science & Zoology; L. Haas; v8; 03/94 5. Agriculture; W. Drew; v3; 08/08/94 6. Alternative Medicine; J. Makulowich; 07/29/94 7. Anesthesia & Critical Care; A. Wright; 12/12/94 8. Animals; K. Boschert; v3.0; 06/01/94 9. Anthropology, Cross Cultural Studies, & Archaeology; G. Bell; v8; 0.. 10. Anthropology, Education; D. Kovacs; v7; 09/93 11. Aquatic Biology; B. Brown; v2; 07/04/94 12. Archaeology, Historic Preservation; P. Stott; v3.07; 11/07/94 13. Architecture, Building; J. Brown; 05/23/94 14. Archives; D. Anthony, N. Kayne; v2; 05/27/94 (UMich) 15. Art & Architecture; K. Robinson; v8; 03/94 16. Art. Intelligence, Expert Sys., Virtual Reality; M. Kovacs; v8; 03..4 17. Astronomy; A. Park, J. Miller; v8; 03/94 18. Biodiversity (Gophers); S. Gordon; v1.0; 05/03/94 19. Biological Sciences; D. Kovacs; v7; 09/93 20. Bisexual Resources; A. Hamilton; 11/07/94 21. Black/African; A. McGee; 01/94 22. Book Discussions & Reviews; S. Allen, G. Krug; v1; 12/93 (UMich) 23. Botany/Horticulture; J. Langendorfer; v8; 03/94 24. Buddhism; T.M. Ciolek; v1.08; 11/24/94 25. Business, Economics; T. Austin, K. Tsang; 02/18/94 (UMich) 26. Business, Misc. Academia, News; D. Kovacs; v7; 09/93 27. Business; C. Newton-Smith 28. Business; L. Haas; v8; 03/94 29. Business; S. Webber; 06/23/94 30. Cable Television; J. Higgins; 09/94 31. Canadian Government; A. Cannon; v2; 07/21/94 32. Cancer; J. Gourdji, S. Hinton; 12/11/94 (UMich) 33. Chemistry, Chemical Eng., Materials Rsch.; A. Park, J. Miller; v8; .. 34. Chemistry; G. Wiggins; v8; 11/28/94 35. Chemistry; L. Anderson-Colon; 12/93 36. Christian Resources; G. Bogart, J. Brubaker; v1.30; 10/94 37. Citizens' Rights; M. Pfaff, D. Bachman; v1.1; 11/08/94 (UMich 38. Communication Disorders & Sciences; J. Kuster; v2; 09/15/94 39. Communication Studies; P. Fehrmann; v8; 03/94 40. Computer Engineering; M. Kovacs; v8; 09/94 41. Computer Hardware & Software Discussions; M. Kovacs; v8; 03/94 42. Computer Science Research--General Academic; M. Kovacs; v8; 03/94 43. Computer Standards; M. Kovacs; v8; 03/94 44. Computer-Mediated Communication; J. December; v3.62; 08/21/94 45. Computing; D. Kovacs; v7; 09/93 46. Conservation; D. Wendling, J. Christianson; v2; 11/93 47. Cyberpreneurship; P. Wilkins, S. Schweitzer; v1.0; 10/94 (UMich 48. Dance; K. Robinson; v8; 03/94 49. Disability Resources; D. Martineau; 11/94 50. Diversity; L. Heise; 05/94 (UMich) 51. Earth Sciences; B. Thoen; 06/15/94 52. East Europe; Z. Pasek; v4.0; 12/14/92 (UMich) 53. Ecology & Environmental Studies; L. Haas; v8; 03/94 54. Economics; B. Goffe; v7.11; 08/23/94 55. Economics; L. Haas; v8; 03/94 56. Education; D. Kovacs; v8; 03/94 57. Education; vol 1 (LISTSERVs); J. Harris; v2; 08/05/93 58. Education; vol 2 (telnets); J. Harris; v2; 08/05/93 59. Education; vol 3 (FTP); J. Harris; v2; 08/05/93 60. Education; vol 4 (infusion ideas); J. Harris; v2; 08/05/93 61. Educators; (Usenet newsgroups); P. Smith; 01/93 62. Educators; (e-mail lists); P. Smith; 08/29/93 63. Emotional Support; J. Juhnke, C. Powell; v1.0; 10/24/94 (UMic 64. Employment Opportunities & Job Resources; M. Riley; v5.0; 11..11/94 65. Engineering; A. Park, J. Miller; v8; 03/94 66. Environment; A. Phelps; 03/94 67. Environment; T. Murphy, C. Briggs-Erickson; v1; 12/15/93 (UMich) 68. Federal Government; M. Parhamovich; v0.8; 07/94 69. Federal Regulations; N. Lagace, J. Brandt; v1.0; 11/94 (UMich) 70. Film and Video; K. Garlock, L. Wood; v2.0; 06/17/94 (UMich) 71. Food, Nutrition; R. Thompson; 09/94 72. Futurology/Future Studies; A. Park, J. Miller; v8; 03/94 73. General Biology/Biophysics/Biochemistry; J. Langendorfer; v8; 03/94 74. Genetics; J. Langendorfer; v8; 03/94 75. Geography, Library and Information Science; D. Kovacs; v7; 09/93 76. Geography, Regional & Country Studies; G. Bell; v8; 03/94 77. Geology; A. Park, J. Miller; v8; 03/94 78. German History; K. McBride; 08/93 (UMich) 79. Government Information; B. Gumprecht; v2; 02/26/94 80. Health Sciences; L. Hancock; 03/26/94 81. Health Sciences; N. Martin, P. Redman, G. Oren; 09/93 (UMich) 82. Higher Education; H. Weise; 04/93 (UMich) 83. Human Resources & Industrial Psychology; L. Haas; v8; 09/94 84. Humanities (Comparative & Interdisciplinary); D. Kovacs; v8; 03/94 85. Information Retrieval & Information Systems; M. Kovacs; v8; 09/94 86. International Trade & World Commerce; S. Herro; 12/16/94 87. Job Searching & Employment; P. Ray, B. Taylor; v1.12; 12..94 (UMich) 88. Journalism; J. Makulowich; v2.6; 09/20/93 89. Journalism; P. Fehrmann; v8; 09/94 90. K-12 School Libraries; R. Troselius; v1; 03/15/94 91. Languages; D. Kovacs; v8; 09/94 91. Latin American Studies; G. Bell; v8; 09/94 92. Latin American Studies; M. Molloy; 09/94 93. Law, Criminology, Justice; L. Haas; v8; 09/94 94. Law; J. Milles; 05/17/94 96. Law; M. Jensen 97. Legal Resources; E. Heels; v5.1; 09/17/94 98. Libraries; L. Schankman; 9/29/94 99. Libraries; S. Bonario, A. Thornton; 10/04/94 100. Library & Archives; C. Prietto; v1.0; 12/8/94 101. Library & Information Science; K. Robinson; v8; 09/94 102. Library Cataloging; V. Sha; v2.0; 11/15/94 103. Library Jobs; J. Fenner; 1/28/94 104. Literature; D. Kovacs; v8; 09/94 105. Magick, Mysticism; F. Nigris; v1.0; 04/29/93 106. Magick, Mysticism; T. Nagasiva; v2.0; 4/29/94 107. Math & Science Education; T.C. O'Haver; v1.2; 10/29/93 108. Mathematics & Statistics; A. Park, J. Miller; v8; 03/94 109. Medical History; P. Hirtle; 01/94 110. Medical Practice..ical Personnel/Patients; J. Langendorfer; v8; 03/94 111. Medical Resources - Clinical; G. Malet, L. Hancock; v1.12; 12/01/94 112. Medical Sciences/Research; J. Langendorfer; v8; 03/94 113. Middle East/North Africa; J. Roberts; v8; 10/94 114. Midwifery; D.M. Anthony; v1.04; 12/17/94 115. Molecular Biology; D. Hayden; v1.0; 05/94 116. Multiple Subjects (Gopher Jewels); D. Riggins; 05/19/94 117. Multiple Subjects; Suranet; 09/93 118. Music; K. Robinson; v8; 03/94 119. Muslim Resources; M. Cajee; v2.0; 08/94 120. Networks & Communities; S. Sternberg; v2.0; 02/22/94 121. Neurosciences; S. Bonario, S. Cormicle; v1; 12/93 (UMich) 122. News; K. Robinson; v8; 03/94 123. News; S. Sternberg; v2; 07/30/94 124. Non-Profit Orgs.; S. Nesbeitt, R. Truxall; v1.1; 10/31/94 (UMich 125. Not-for-Profits; M. Heydorn; v6.0; 10/08/94 126. Nursing; D.M. Anthony; v1.04; 12/17/94 127. Personal Finance; A. Chambers, C. Kummer; 05/27/94 (UMich) 128. Philosophy & Ethics; P. Fehrmann; v8; 03/94 129. Philosophy; D. Alexander; v2.4; 09/09/94 130. Philosophy; P. Morville, S. Clark; 07/94 (UMich) 131. Physical Sciences; D. Kovacs; v7; 09/93 132. Physics; A. Park, J. Miller; v8; 03/94 133. Political Science & Politics; L. Haas; v8; 03/94 134. Political Science; J. Ballard; 05/18/94 135. Popular Culture; K. Robinson; v8; 03/94 136. Popular Music; R. McKenzie, V. Coleman; v1; 12/06/94 (UMich) 137. Post-Soviet & E. European Resources; I. Kallen; v1.0; 07/26/94 138. Programming Languages; M. Kovacs; v8; 03/94 139. Psychology & Psychiatry; P. Fehrmann; v8; 03/94 140. Psychology, Writing; D. Kovacs; v7; 09/93 141. Psychology; J. Alvoeiro; 10/94 142. Public Domain & Publically Supported Software; M. Kovacs; v8; 03/94 143. Public Policy; S. Kirk, D. Blair; v1; 12/16/93 (UMich) 144. Publishing; K. Robinson; v8; 03/94 145. Religion; M. Fraser; 06/14/94 146. Religious Studies; J. Gresham; 06/94 147. Religious Studies; P. Fehrmann; v8; 03/94 148. Religious Studies; vol. 1; M. Strangelove; 10/92 149. Religious Studies; vol. 3; M. Strangelove; 10/92 150. Science & Technology; A. Park, J. Miller; v8; 03/94 151. Social Activism; G. Bell; v8; 03/94 152. Social Science; T.M. Ciolek; v1.02; 09/13/94 153. Social Science; vol. 1; T.M. Ciolek; 07/20/93 154. Social Science; vol. 2; T.M. Ciolek; 07/20/93 155. Social Sciences & Humanities; L. Schankman; 12/01/94 156. Social, Cultural & Political Aspects of Computing; M. Kovacs; v8; 0.. 157. Sociology & Demography; G. Bell; v8; 03/94 158. Statistical Computing; K. Varnum, J. Weise; v1.0; 12/12/94 (UMich) 159. Student & Budget Travel; T. Falk, L. Friedman; v2.0; 12/94 (UMich) 160. Theater, Film & Television; K. Robinson; v8; 03/94 161. Theater, Performance; K. McCoy; 09/09/94 162. Theater; D. Torres, M. Vander Kolk; v2.1; 07/07/94 (UMich) 163. Tibetan Studies; T.M. Ciolek; v1.05; 09/13/94 164. US Politics; T. Block; 08/93 (UMich) 165. Weather & Meteorology; L. Haas; v8; 03/94 166. West European History & Culture; E. Welsch; v2.0; 06/93 167. Women's Health; T. Segal, J. Lea; v2.0; 11/94 (UMich) 168. Women's Public Policy; T. Turner, L. Potthoff; v1.1; 11../94 (UMich 169. Women's Studies, Feminism; L. Hunt; v2; 04/94 (UMich) 170. Women's Studies/Gender Studies; J. Langendorfer; v8; 03/94 171. Writing; D. Kovacs; v8; 03/94 172. Writing; L. Detweiler; v2.1; 06/11/94 \end{verbatim} } %\vskip -0.0cm %\input galaxy.info {\bf galaxy.einet.com} tarafindan saglanan `Virtual Library'nin ana basliklari: \begin{alltt}\small {\bf Arts & Humanities} Architecture - Language & Literature - Performing Arts - Philosophy - Religion - Visual Arts {\bf Business & Commerce} Business Administration - Business General Resources - Company , Organization and Consultants - Industry Sectors - Investment Sources - Management - Marketing and Sales - Products and Services {\bf Community} Charity and Community Service - Consumer Issues - Culture - Education - Gender Issues - Health - Liberties - Lifestyle - Networking and Communication - Politics - Religion - The Environment - The Family - The Workplace - U.S. States - World Communities {\bf Engineering & Technology } Agriculture - Biomedical Engineering - Civil and Construction Eng ineering - Computer Technology - Electrical Engineering - Human Factors and Human Ecology - Mechanical Engineering - Production and Processing - Transportation {\bf Government} Government Agencies - Laws and Regulations - Military - Politics - Public Affairs {\bf Law} Administrative - Commercial - Constitutional - Criminal - Environmental - Intellectual Property - Legal Profession - Military - Personal Finance - Research - Societal - Tax {\bf Leisure & Recreation } Amateur Radio - Games - Humor - Reading - Recipes - Speleology - Sports - Travel {\bf Medicine} Community Medicine - Exercise - History of Medicine - Human Biology - Medical Applications and Practice - Medical Specialties - Medical Technologies - Nursing - Nutrition {\bf Reference & Interdisciplinary Information} Census Data - Conference Announcements - Dictionaries, etc. - Directories - Grants - Internet & Networking - Library Information and Catalogs - Publications {\bf Science } Astronomy - Biology - Chemistry - Geosciences - Mathematics - Physics {\bf Social Sciences} Anthropology - Economics - Education - Geography - History - Library and Information Science - Psychology - Sociology \end{alltt} %\newpage Aralik 1994 itibariyla, Internet'deki ana baslangic noktalarini iceren on-line dokumanin kopyasi: %\input{meta} WWW servisinin ust duzey indeksi. Bu dokuman cok seyrek degisiyor ve bunun kopyasinin her sunucuda bulunmasini ve arada bir guncellenmesini oneririm. \idex{Meta-Index} {\small \begin{alltt} INTERNET RESOURCES META-INDEX This document is intended to be a loosely categorized meta-index of the various resource directories and indices available on the Internet. Please send suggestions for new entries on this list (any index or directory of resources) to mosaic@ncsa.uiuc.edu. World Wide Web * Searchable indices: + W3Catalog, a searchable catalog of WWW resources at CUI, Geneva, Switzerland; updated automatically every day from a variety of sources. + WWWW - the World Wide Web Worm + Meta-Library index at the Global Network Academy. * Subject indices: \idex{konu-endeksi} + Whole Internet Catalog from O'Reilly and Associates, a part of the Global Network Navigator. + WWW Virtual Library, a subject listing from CERN. + The Clearinghouse for Subject-Oriented Internet Resource Guides from the University of Michigan. * Server indices:\idex{sunucu-endeksi} + Central index of WWW servers at CERN. + Index of resources by protocol at CERN. * Miscellaneous indices and listings: + NCSA Mosaic documents: o NCSA What's New listing, updated almost daily. o NCSA Mosaic Demo Document, including an extensive index of exemplary hypermedia applications. o Network Starting Points, some points of exploration for new Internet users. + Network Services List at Honolulu Community College. + EXPO, a central point of departure for hypermedia exhibits on the Internet, including Library of Congress exhibits. + Hypermedia exhibitions index at ANBG. + Astronomical Internet Resources listing at STScI. + Discipline information indices at USGS: o Earth and Environmental Science. o Astronomy. o Atmospheric Sciences. o Biology. + Resource listings at NASA Langley: o Government Information. o NASA Online Information. + Unified CS Technical Report Index at Indiana University. + Information Sources: the Internet and Computer-Mediated Communication by John December. + CyberNet, the central on-line "jumping off" point for alternative information seekers. WAIS * Directory of servers at CNIDR (direct access for Mosaic 2.0). * Directory of servers at wais.com (direct access for Mosaic 2.0). Gopher * Searchable indices: \idex{gopher} + Veronica (alternate interface at Library of Congress). + Jughead at Washington & Lee University; see also WLU's Finding Gopher Resources. * Subject indices: \idex{konu-endeksi} + The Global Electronic Library subject listing at the Library of Congress. + Gopher Jewels subject listing at Bath (alternate versions also at Bath and at Warwick. + Subject tree at Texas A&M. + Subject tree at Rice. + Subject tree at University of California Santa Barbara. + Subject tree at South Carolina. + Subject tree at University of Texas Dallas. + Subject tree at Virginia. + Subject tree at North Carolina State. + Subject tree at Purdue. + Subject tree at UTK. + Subject tree at University of North Texas. + Study Carrels at Vermont. + Gopher subject trees listing at Bath. + Gopher subject trees listing at MSU. + Community News Service: an index of lots of general-purpose information. * Server indices: + Gopherspace overview at Minnesota. + Finding Gopher Resources index at WLU, including an alternate comprehensive index of Gopher sites and a what's new area. * Miscellaneous indices and listings: + Virtual Reference Desk at University of California Irvine. + Simon Fraser University's Electronic Library + Federal Government Information, , an Internet Resources index, etc. at Library of Congress Marvel + InterNIC Info Source, particularly Virtual Treasures of the Internet; also InterNIC Directory of Directories + Computational Biology Gopher at Johns Hopkins; points to lots of computational biology information and a wide range of other biology Gopher servers. + Biogopher at ANU. + Biological Information Servers index at Stanford; a similar list by topic. + Global Information Services index at Stanford. + Environmental Information Catalog at CIESIN. + Electronic text archives and resource listing at Wiretap. + SunSITE at UNC, a general information repository and index. Telnet * HyTelnet listing of online library services and other interactive services (served from the University of Kansas). * Yanoff Internet Services List at UWM (also Indiana University version). \idex{Yanoff} FTP * Hypertext Archie Servers, a list of archie servers for Web users. * Archie Request Form at NCSA. Experimental Metamap Here is an experimental graphical map of some of the resource indices and listings on the Internet. \end{alltt} %Experimental Search Engine Meta-Index % Here is an experimental meta-index of search engines on the % Internet; requires Mosaic 2.0. } \newpage \section{Internet Araclari} %%%%%%%% TEKNIK %\input{adres} Internet uzerinde her tur makina ve isletim sistemi bulunur. Internet servisleri belirlenen protokollere gore {\bf client/server} yada {\bf client/daemon} (sunucu/istemci, dagitici/istemci) modelinde gerceklesir. Gelistirilen cesitli yazilim cogu kez oncelikle Unix makinalarinda gelistirilmistir ve model olarak Unix'i almistir. Bu nedenle bir miktar Unix isletim sistemiyle asina olmanin Internet servislerini iyi kullanmakta yarar sagliyacagi kanisindayiz. Ornegin, kucuk harf/ buyuk harf farkinin onemli oldugu gibi. Internet servislerine verdigimiz ornekleri Bilkent Universitesindeki sunos-4.1.3 altinda calisan Unix makinalarindan aldik. Bunun nedeni hem kolaylik hem de iyi bildigimiz sistem olusundandir. \subsection{Adresler: Makina, Kisi ve Nesne Icin } Iletisimin saglikli olmasi icin ilgili partilerin kimliklerinin cok acik bir sekilde belirlenmesi gerekmektedir.\idex{domain}\idex{edu.tr}\idex{DNS} \idex{FQDN} Bu nedenle Internet uzerinde her makinanin, her kullanicinin ve nesnelerin adreslenmesi standartlastirilmistir. Internet'in gelismesiyle birlikte kamuya acik nesnelere erisim icin kullanilan protokol da adreslemenin bir parcasi oldu. Internet muhendisleri URL (Uniform Resource Locater) uzerinde calisiyorlar.\idex{URL} Internet'de makinalarin iki tip adresi var: sembolik (domain name) ve mutlak (IP numarasi). Ornegin, Bilkent Universitesinde baslangicta Internet servisleri verdigimiz makina `firat' adiyla bilinir (oteki servis makinalarimiz: dicle, sakarya, ceyhan ve seyhan'dir). Internet icin onun tam adi (Fully Qualified Domain Name) ise `firat.bcc.bilkent.edu.tr.' Bu adresi sagdan okursak, her `.' bir alt bolgeyi yada agi belirtir. `tr', `edu.tr', `bilkent.edu.tr', `bcc.bilkent.edu.tr' sirasiyla Turkiye, Turkiye'deki Universiteleri, Bilkent Universitesi, ve Bilkent bilgisayar merkezi agini belirtir. Bilkent'te `bcc'ye ek olarak `ee', `cs', `fen' ve `ctp' alt bolgeleri vardir. `firat' ayni zamanda `bilkent.edu.tr' makinasidir. `firat'in IP numarasi ise 139.179.10.13'dur. `ftp.bilkent.edu.tr', `gopher.bilkent.edu.tr', `www.bilkent.edu.tr' ve `ns.bilkent.edu.tr' makinalari ise ankara.bcc.bilkent.edu.tr'dir. ankara'nin IP'si ise (139.179.10.217)'dir. Sembolik isimler ag yapisini aktarmasi ve hatirda kalmasi icin onemli. Ayrica makinalar baska islere kaydirilinca kullaniciyi bu degisimden yalitlar. Internet'de yonlendirme IP numaralari cinsinden olur. DNS (Domain Name Server) servisleri perde arkasinda sembolik isimleri IP'ye aktarir, ve IP'ye karsilik gelen sembolik ismi bildirir. Kullanici olarak benim adresim `akgul@bilkent.edu.tr', `akgul@bcc.bilkent.edu.tr' ve `akgul@firat.bcc.\-bilkent.edu.tr' seklini alir. Ic trafikte `kullanici@makina' ya da `kullanici@FQDN' olabilir; disariya nasil yansiyacagi yapilan ise ve konfigurasyona bagli. `Bitnet' ve `CSnet', Internet jargonunda `pseudo domain' dir: e-mail acisindan bolge ama IP'ye aktarilamiyor. Benim bitnet adresim `akgul@trbilun.bitnet'. Nesne adreslerine gelince; bunun bir mutlak, bir de protokol'e bagli hali var. Bir dokumana birden faz\-la sekilde erismek mumkun oldugu ve ayni dokuman bir den fazla isim altinda tutulabilecegi icin bir farklilik gosterebilir. Bu dokuman yazildigi sirada \leftline{dicle:/homes/ac/ie/akgul/Inet/inet2.tex} mutlak bicimini alir. `dicle' yerine `firat' ya da bcc alt bolgesi icinde baska bir makina adi koysak yine ayni dokumani belirtir.\idex{inet2.tex} Ama dokuman bitince, Bilkent'in herkese acik arsivine \leftline{/pub/INFO/Turkce/Internet/inet2.tex} olarak konmus olacaktir. Dokumanin sahibi olan kisi icin gecerli olan mutlak adresin dis kullanici icin bir anlami ve de yarari yoktur. Ote yandan { \tt\qquad inet2.tex \qquad} ve {\tt INFO/Turkce/Internet/inet2.tex} adresleri, Bilkent'in e-mail temelli arsiv servisi icin gecerlidir. Ama ekteki adreslerde gecerlidir: \begin{verbatim} pub/INFO/Turkce/Internet/inet2.tex@ftp.bilkent.edu.tr ftp.bilkent.edu.tr:/pub/INFO/Turkce/Internet/inet2.tex ftp://ftp.bilkent.edu.tr/pub/INFO/Turkce/Internet/inet2.tex gopher://gopher.bilkent.edu.tr:70/00/bilkent/archive/INFO/.../inet2.tex http://www.bilkent.edu.tr:80/prv/ftp/INFO/Turkce/Internet/inet2.tex alex: /alex/tr/edu/bilkent/ftp/pub/INFO/Turkce/Internet/inet2.tex prospero: /#INET/TR/EDU/BILKENT/aftp/INFO/Turkce/Internet/inet2.tex file://localhost/ftp/ftp/pub/INFO/Turkce/Internet/inet2.tex \end{verbatim} Ilk ikisi herkese acik ftp (anon ftp) icin kullanilan klasik adresleme ornekleridir. Digerleri URL konven\-si\-yonuna ve her protokola gore ayni dokumanin adresidir. \idex{URL} Sayet, Bilkent'de bir Wais servisi calisiyor olsa idi, bu dokuman bir gurup dokumanla birlikte bir `.src' kumesi icinde gomulu olacakti; ama yine de her dokumanin bir belirleyici kimligi olacaktir. Diger bazi onemli URL'ler ise: \begin{verbatim} wais://dagitici-makina:210/veritabani-adi telnet://user@makina news:news-gurup news:makale-numarasi@makina \end{verbatim} En genel halinde bir URL'i soyle yazabiliriz:\\ \verb+URL: protokol://[[user[:passwd]@]dagitici-makina[:port][/path-selection]+\\ burada \verb+[..]+ olarak belirtilen kisim secimli kisimdir. Sayet kullanilan port standart ise \verb+:port+ kismina gerek yoktur. `path-selection' kisminda soz konusu nesneye erismek icin gerekli yol belirtilir. Telnet'de `user' kullanilmasi gereken kullanici adidir. Bu genellikle kullaniciya hatirlatilir ve kullanicinin bu bilgiyi girmesi beklenilir. %\parskip 5pt %\sloppy %\small %\input email \subsection{E-mesaj } Elektronik Aglarda kullanim acisindan en cok kisinin yararlandigi servis e-mesaj (e-mail, e-posta, elektronik posta) servisidir. Hemen hemen tum \idex{e-mail} ag'larden otekine e-mesaj ile ulasmak mumkundur. Ulasmak istediginiz kisinin e-mesaj adresi esas olarak yeterli olmaktadir. UUCP ve BITNET'te bir miktar yonlendirme bilgisi gerekmektedir; UUCP'de bazi onemli ara dugumler; BITNET'de ise hedef dugumun dugum tablosunda olmasi gerekmektedir. Bolge isimlerini temel alan Internet'te bu daha dinamik bir yapiya sahiptir; en ust duzey bolgeden basliyarak yolunu bulabilir mesaj. Aglar arasi gecis `gateway' makineleri sayesinde olmaktadir; Internet'de e-mesaj SMTP protokolune gore iletilir. Esas olarak sadece e-mesaji kullanan servisler acisindan BITNET ve tum diger aglari Internet'in parcasi saymak gerekir. Asagida, benim ODTU'deki bir hesabimdan Bilkent'teki hesabima ve ODTU'deki bitnet hesabima attigim mesajin ODTU'deki knidos makinasindaki goruntusu verilmistir. \begin{verbatim} Message 1/1 from M. Akgul Nov 20 '93 at 4:27 pm Return-Path: Subject: Demo To: akgul@bilkent.edu.tr Date: Sat, 20 Nov 93 16:27:12 EET Cc: akgul@trmetu.bitnet Bu bir mail demosudur. Mustafa Akgul \end{verbatim} Ilk satir mesaj okuma programina ait; geri kalan kismi ise mesaja aittir. Mesajin ilk 5 satirina baslik (header) geri kalanina govde (body) en son kismina da imza denir. Baslik kisminda kullanici `To:' , `Subject:', `Cc:', `Bcc:' kismini belirtir; geri kalani mesaji gonderen programlar doldurur. Ayni mesajin, Bilkent'te `ucb/mail' programinda gorunusu soyledir: \begin{verbatim} Message 1: From akgul@knidos.cc.metu.edu.tr Sat Nov 20 16:25:10 1993 Received: from knidos.cc.metu.edu.tr by bilkent.edu.tr (5.65c/IDA-1.4) id AA20756; Sat, 20 Nov 1993 16:25:07 +0300 Message-Id: <199311201325.AA20756@canik.bcc.bilkent.edu.tr> Received: by knidos.cc.metu.edu.tr (1.37.109.4/16.2) id AA08643; Sat, 20 Nov 93 16:27:13 +0100 From: M. Akgul Subject: Demo To: akgul@bilkent.edu.tr Date: Sat, 20 Nov 93 16:27:12 EET Cc: akgul@trmetu.bitnet Mailer: Elm [revision: 70.85] Status: RO Bu bir mail demosudur. Mustafa Akgul {Mail}& \end{verbatim} Bilkent'deki ayni mail programinin menusu:\\ \begin{verbatim} Mailbox is '/usr/spool/mail/akgul' with 5 messages [ELM 2.4 PL23beta3] 1 Nov 20 INCE ERDEM (99) Dogrusal ve Amac Programlama Program 2 Nov 20 M. Akgul (19) Demo 3 Nov 20 M. Akgul (26) Demo O 4 Nov 19 To xopowo@U.Washin (50) e mail addresses (fwd) O 5 Nov 19 Erik Pilawskii (35) e mail addresses You can use any of the following commands by pressing the first character; d)elete or u)ndelete mail, m)ail a message, r)eply or f)orward mail, q)uit To read a message, press . j move down, k move up, ? help Command: \end{verbatim} E-mesaj kullanicisi icin iki onemli kavram: \idex{alias}\idex{folder} {\bf alias} ve {\bf folder}'dir. `Nickname' olarak da bilinen alias mekanizmasi cok kullanilan veya zor adresleri kolay, kisa akilda tutulmasi kolay hale getirir. Ornegin, {\sl Yavuz\_A.\_Bozer@um.cc.umich.edu\/} yerine {\sl bozer} kullanmayi herkes tercih eder. Yazismalarinizi konu veya kiminle ilgili olmasi esasina gore {\sl folder} denilen nesnelerde tutabilir, gerektiginde tekrar okur, cevap verebilirsiniz. Size gelen mesajlari onceden `folder`lara yerlestiren programlar vardir({\tt procmail, deliver}). Adiniza gelen mesajlari bir baska adrese gondermekte mumkun({\tt .forward}). Tatile gittiginizde size mesaj yazan herkese sizin onceden hazirladiginiz mesaji gonderen programlar da vardir ({\tt vacation}). Mesajlarinizi postalamadan once sozluk denetiminden gecirmek de mukundur. Internet uzerindeki iki kullanici birbirlerine bolge esasli adreslerini kullanarak e-mesaj gonderebilirler. Diger bir deyisle, adresi oldugu gibi kullanabilirler. Internet'in disindaki Bitnet, CSnet, UUCP, yada MCImail, ATTMail, CompuServ gibi aglarla haberlesirken gecit makinalari (gateway) kullanilir. Bunlar birden fazla ag \idex{gateway} uzerinde olan ve her birinin dilini konusan makinalardir. \begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|} \hline Nereye & format& Not\\ \hline America Online& user@aol.com & \\ \hline Applelink & user@applelink.apple.com & \\ \hline ATTMail & user@attmail.com & \\ \hline BITNET & user@host.bitnet & vm.ege.edu.tr gecit olur \\ &user\%host.bitnet@gateway & \\ \hline CompuServ&userid@compuserve.com& userid'de `,' $-->$ `.' \\ \hline MCIMail&userid@mcimail.com & userid`deki ``-" silinecek\\ \hline UUCP & user@host.uucp & \\ \hline \end{tabular} Unix ortaminda kullanimi kolay mail programi olarak {\tt Elm, Pine ve MH\/}'den bahsedebiliriz. Pine degisik isletim sistemleri icin `binary' olarak bulunabilir. MH kucuk kucuk bir cok parcadan olusur ve bunlari baska islerin arasinda kullanabilirsiniz. \idex{email!imap}\idex{email!pop} \idex{email!mh}\idex{mh}\idex{pine}\idex{elm}\idex{email!pine} Sayet PC ve Mac'lar yerel aga bagli ise POP ve SMTP kul\-la\-na\-rak bu iki sistemdekiler e-mail islerini kendi makinalarinin dogal ortaminda calisan programlarla gorebilirler. Simdilerde POP'dan daha iyi olma iddiasi ile {\bf imap} ortaya cikmistir. {\bf Eudora} hem PC hemde Mac ortaminda calisir. PC ortaminda hem {\bf Pine} hemde {\bf qvtnet} programlari ile email okuyabilir ve gonderebilirsiniz. Tabii ki bunlarin disinda da pek cok mail programi vardir. \idex{imap} \idex{eudora} %\input listeler \subsection{Listeler} Belirli bir konuda ugrasan insanlarin haberlesmesine yonelik {\em liste, bulletin\_board, mail-reflector} gibi mekanizmalar var. Ana islevi, belirli bir adrese gonderilen mesajin bir grup insana dagitilmasidir. Insanlar, bu mekanizmaya ya kendi istekleriyle abone olurlar, ya da bulletin board ya da news yoluyla okurlar. Bunlari calistiran yazilimlar, {\em listserv, list-manager, robot-mailer\/} gibi isimlerle bilinirler. Unix ortaminda, `sendmail' kanaliyla basit `list manager' kurabilirsiniz. Bazilarinda {\sl fileserver\/} ozelligi de vardir; eski tartisma tutanaklarini ve baska dosyalari de istek uzerine ya da otomatik olarak gonderebilir. \idex{listserv}\idex{listproc}\idex{list}\idex{mail-reflector} \idex{bulletin-board} Bitnet dunyasinda sadece VM makinalarinda calisan bir `Listserv' programi vardir; ve halen calismakta olan 4 surumu vardir. Bugun Turkiye'de TREARN ve TRITU'de Bitnet Listserv'i Bilkent'te ise `Listproc' denilen listserver vardir. ODTU'deki `listserv@trmetu.bitnet' adresi `listproc@listserv.metu.edu.tr' haline geldi. ODTU'deki bazi listeler sunlardir: \begin{verbatim} BILDIL Turkish Natural Language Processing Discussion Group EC European Community INET-TR Turkiye-Internet Tartisma Listesi KUTUP-L Turkish Libraries Discussion List METU-L METU-Middle East Technical University Graduates List MOUNT-L Mountaineering Discussion List TNNG Turkish Neural Network & Artificial Intelligence Group UFIT-L Applied Physics Group HABERLER Haberler Listesi \end{verbatim} Bir listserv'i kullanmayi ogrenmek icin o listserv'e `help' komutunu gonderin. Listeler hakkinda bilgi almak, listelere abone olmak, cikmak, opsiyonlarinizi degistirmek icin {\bf listserv} adresine, ama uyesi oldugunuz listenin uyelerine bir mesaj gondermek istediginizde listenin adresine gonderiniz. Sayet, Internet'le ilgileniyorsaniz INET-TR'a uye olmaniz hararetle tavsiye edilir. Boylelikle, hem yeni gelismelerden haberli olursunuz, hem de sorularinizi yazip, yardim isteyebilirsiniz. Elektronik bir hesabiniz oldugu zaman, asagidaki benzer sekilde uye olabilirsiniz: (`Adiniz Soyadiniz' kismini degistirerek) \begin{alltt} firat AKGUL [131] ~ > {\sf mail listserv@listserv.metu.edu.tr} Subject: {\sf subscribe inet-tr Adiniz Soyadiniz lists} \end{alltt} INET-TR listesine bir mesaj gondermenin ornegi ise: \begin{alltt} firat AKGUL [132] ~ > {\sf mail inet-tr@listserv.metu.edu.tr} Subject: \sf DIE'deki Internet Demosu Sali gunu 11.00 civarinda DIE'de bir Demo yapacagim. Hepiniz davetlisiniz. Saygilar \end{alltt} Bitnet listserv'un onemli komutlari: {\bf subscribe, signoff, rev, list, get.} {\sl subscribe, signoff\/} listeye girmek ve cikmak icin, {\em lists} o listserv'deki tum listeleri ogrenmek icin, {\sf rev list-adi} komutu ise, o listeye uye kisilerin listesi almak icin, {\sf get file-name-etc} ise listerv'den liste loglari ve baska dosyalari almak icin kullanilir. Bilkent Listroc'u su anda `alumni, tip-l, english, pc-tr, linux, {\bf inet-adm}, yunus, turkmath, bilisim, unix-all, napronet, unix-all, friend, yoneylem' listelerine servis vermektedir. listproc@bilkent.edu.tr veya listserv@trbilun.bitnet adresine gonderilen bir `help' mesaji iyi bir baslangic olacaktir. Liste mekanizmalari epey farklilik gosterir. Bitnet listserv ve Unix listproc disinda {\bf tulp, majordome, mailbase, almanac} programlari ve {\bf sendmail, procmail} temelli mekanizmalari sayabiliriz. Bitnet listserv'inin Unix'e uyarlamasi ve listproc'un CREN'e satilan bir surumu disindakiler parasizdir. \idex{sendmail}\idex{almanac}\idex{tulp}\idex{majordome} \idex{mailbase} Kullanilan liste mekanizmasina gore uye olmak, uyelikten cikmak, uyelik parametrelerini degistirmek icin mesaj gonderilecek adres {\tt listserv@node-adres}'in disinda, {\tt majordome, mailbase, almanac} gibi adresler olabilir. Unix'in `sendmail' programini kullanan listeler icin ise `list-request' adresine mesaj gonderip abone olur veya abonelikten cikarsiniz; ve bu islemi bir insan yapar. Gittikce artan bir ortamda {\tt listeadi-request, owner-listeadi} gibi aliaslar kullaniliyor. Dolayisiyla, liste duyurusunu iyi okuyup gerekli bilgiyi saklamakta yarar var. Mevcut bitnet listelerin bir dokumu her hangi bir bitnet listserv'ina {\sf lists global} komutu ile alinabilir. {\sf lists global /xyz} komutu ise adi veya tanimi `xyz' iceren listelerin dokumunu gonderir. Uyelere dagitilmak icin listeye gonderilecek mesajlar ise her zaman {\tt liste@node-adres}'e gonderilmelidir. Listeler gonderilen mesaji ya bir liste gorevlisine (moderator, editor) iletir veya dogrudan uyelere dagitir. Ilk durumda liste gorevlisi mesajlari toplar, duzenler ve belirli araliklara uyelere gonderir. Numerik analiz listesi `na-net' ve optimizasyon listesi `opt-net' bu tip listelerdir. Bazi liste mekanizmalarinda uye isterse mesajlari tek tek degilde `digest' denilen belirli aralik veya buyuklukte alabilir. Pek cok listserv'de boyle bir yetenek vardir.\idex{digest}\idex{list!moderated} Unix ortaminda `sendmail' temelli listeler birkac `alias' tanimlanarak kurulur. `liste', `liste-request' gibi. O liste icin uyelerin adreslerin yazildigi bir dosya yaratilir, \\ ({\tt kurs-test: :include:/usr/local/mail.aliases/kurs-test} \\ gibi), ve {\tt liste-request, owner-liste} ise listeyle ugrasan kisinin adresi olarak tanimlanir. Bu tip listeler, kurum ici haberlesmede oldukca kullanislidir. Bilkent GN Gopher'inda bilinen liste ve benzeri mekanizmalar isimleri uzerinde tarama yapmak mumkundur. Turkiye'deki listelerin de bir dokumu tutulmaktadir. \bakiniz{liste.tr, listserv.yardimci mailing-lists, interest-groups} %(trmetu.bitnet ve vm.cc.metu.edu.tr adresleri listserv %acisindan listserv.metu.edu.tr olarak degistirilecektir.) %\input gopher \subsection{Gopher: Git Bana Dunyayi Getir} Minnesota Universitesi'nde gelistirilen ve adini Minnesota'da yaygin olan sincap benzeri bir canlidan alan bu program, {\sl gopher\/} arsivindeki dokumanlara bakmak, almak, cesitli taramalar yapmak, FTP arsivlerine baglanip dosya almak, gibi yetenekleri olan menu temelli bir aractir. Bir `gopher'dan baska `gopher'lara baglanmak mumkun oldugu gibi, {\bf WAIS, archie, veronica, phonebook} gibi uygulamalara erismek mumkundur. Gopher, ses, goruntu gibi multimedya ortamlarini, postscript ve richtext gibi formatlarinda incelemenize olanak vermektedir. Ayrica Telnet kullanarak %verdigi icin, kutuphaneleri tarayabilirsiniz, Free Universitelerde dolasabilir, internet oyunlari da oynayabilirsiniz. Network news'i de okumaniza izin vermektedir. \idex{gopher} Turkiye de su anda hemen hemen tam Internet baglantisi olan tum egitim ve arastirma kurumlarinda Gopher sunucusu var. Tam liste her an Bilkent Gopher'inda `Internet Services in Turkey' kismindan ogrenilebilir. Unix'de {\sl vt100, X11, Openwin, tcl/perl ve emacs\/} uzerinde calisan {\sl client\/}'lari var. Ayrica VM, VAX/VMS, Mac, Amiga, Dos ve Mswindows, server ve client'lari vardir. Bilkent Gopher'inin ilk menusu soyledir: \begin{verbatim} Internet Gopher Information Client 2.0 pl16 Root gopher server: gopher.bilkent.edu.tr 1. Welcome to Bilkent Gopher 2. Bilkent Services/ 3. Internet Services in Turkey/ 4. Experimental Gateways/ 5. Other Gophers and Information Servers/ 6. World Wide Web/ 7. About Gophermail 8. Gopher_Jewels/ 9. Search Gopher Menu Titles at Bilkent Gopher 10. Subject Tree at WLU (Local Links )/ 11. turkiye.html Press ? for Help, q to Quit Page: 1/1 \end{verbatim} Yukarida gozuken Unix'in en basit `client' programidir. Baska isletim sistemindekiler de ayni mantiksal yapiyi korurlar. Kullanici ya asagi/yukari tuslarini kullanarak ya da dogrudan ilgili sayiyi kullanarak menu'den bir satir secer. Her satir ya bir dizini (directory) gosterir `/' , ya bir tarama yapilacak bir satiri '?' ve 'CSO'; \idex{CSO}\idex{telnet}\idex{HTML} bir telnet oturumunu 'TEL' ve 'TN3270'; Hypertext dokumani 'HTML'; ascii text; degisik formatlarda dosyalar olabilir: ses, goruntu gibi. Duz dosyalari satirin sonundaki ya `.' olmasindan ya da hic bir sey olmamasindan anliyabilirsiniz. Dizinin tanimi soyle: onu secerseniz yeni bir cok secenek ortaya cikacaktir. Bir tarama satiri secilince doldurulacak bir menu gelecektir onunuze. Siz istenilen kelime(leri) yazip, tamam isareti verince, tarama yapilip sonuclar size yeni secenekler olarak cikacaktir. Sayet satir bir telnet oturumunu gosteriyor ise, gopher kontrolu sizin makinadaki telnet programina birakmakta; siz telnet'le isinizi biterene kadar beklemektedir. Sayet sectiginiz satir bir goruntu, ses benzeri bir nesne ise ve sizin gopher programiniz ve calisma ortaminiz (pencere, isletim vs) uygun ise o nesneleri gorup isitebilirsiniz. HTML dosyalari ise normal olarak WWW uygulama programlariyla bakilinabilir, ama {\bf lynx} programi Unix gopher'da telnet gibi kontrol'u alip size o dosyayi ve getirdiklerini sunabilmektedir. Diger bir deyisle, lynx programi gopher icinden WWW servisine erismenize izin vermektedir. Menu'nun altinda kucuk bir yol gosterici vardir: her zaman `?' size bir yardim menusu getirecektir. Unix ortaminda `.gopherrc' dosyasi kanaliyla gopher'in davranislarini istediginiz sekilde degistirebilirsiniz. `bookmark' denen nesnelerle, gopher uzayinin derinliklerinde isaret koyup, oralara zahmetsizce gidebilirsiniz. Her hangi bir gopher'a dogrudan \\ \centerline{\bf gopher gopherin-adresi gopherin-portu} komutuyla baglanabilirsiniz. {\tt ?} sorusuna cevap olarak gelen yardim menusu:\\ %\input{gopher.help} \begin{verbatim} Quick Gopher Help Moving around Gopherspace Use the arrow keys or vi/emacs equivalent to move around. Right, Return .......: "Enter"/Display current item. Left, u .............: "Exit" current item/Go up a level. Down ................: Move to next line. Up ..................: Move to previous line. >, +, Pgdwn, Space ..: View next page. <, -, Pgup, b .......: View previous page. 0-9 .................: Go to a specific line. m ...................: Go back to the main menu. Bookmarks a : Add current item to the bookmark list. A : Add current directory/search to bookmark list. v : View bookmark list. d : Delete a bookmark/directory entry. Other commands q : Quit with prompt. Q : Quit unconditionally. s : Save current item to a file. S : Save current menu listing to a file. D : Download a file. r : goto root menu of current item. R : goto root menu of current menu. : Display technical information about current item. ^ : Display technical information about current directory. o : Open a new gopher server. O : Change options. f : Connect to an anonymous FTP host. / : Search for an item in the menu. n : Find next search item. g : "Gripe" via email to administrator of current item. !, $ : Shell Escape (Unix) or Spawn subprocess (VMS). Ctrl-L, Ctrl-R, Ctrl-W : Redraw (Wipe) the screen. Ctrl-T : Show host's local date and time. Gopher objects: Item tag Type Description -------------------------------------------- (none) 0 file / 1 directory <) s sound file I,g image file ; movie file 4 BinHexed Macintosh file 9 binary file 5 DOS binary file 2 CSO (ph/qi) phone-book server 8 telnet connection <3270> T telnet connection (IBM 3270 emulation) M Multi-purpose Internet Mail Extensions file h HyperText Markup Language file 7 index-search item (none) ASK form The Gopher development team hopes that you find this software useful. If you find what you think is a bug, please report it to us by sending e-mail to "gopher@boombox.micro.umn.edu". \end{verbatim} \idex{gopher!bookmark}\idex{gopher!help}\idex{gopher!ftp} \idex{gopher!types} `Download' secenegi soz konusu nesneyi PC'ye aktarmak demektir. Bunun icin modemle bagli olmak ve `zmodem' yazilimini kullanmak gerekmektedir. Her hangi bir menu satirinda `a' o secenegi, `A' ise o menu ile ilgili bilgiyi `bookmark' listesine yazar; `v' komutu ise `bookmark' listesindeki secenekleri yeni bir menu olarak sunar. `a' ve `A' komutlarinda isimlendirmeyi siz degistirebilir, size uygun gelen isimler koyabilirsiniz. Unix gopher'i {\sf gopher -b} komutu ile sizin .gopherrc'indeki bookmark'lardan basliyacaktir. Ilginizi ceken gopher `link' bilgilerini kendiniz .gopherrc'ye ekliyebilirsiniz. {\turkoff \begin{alltt} Type=1 Name=Subject Tree at WLU (Local Links ) Path=1/other/subjects/wlu/local Host=gopher.bilkent.edu.tr. Port=70 URL: gopher://gopher.bilkent.edu.tr.:70/11/other/subjects/wlu/local \end{alltt} } Bu gordugunuz, Bilkent Gopher'indaki bir Konu\idex{gopher!link} siniflandirmasina ait bir `link' bilgisi. Son satirda gozuken URL bilgisi {\tt Type, Path, Host, Port} bilgilerini icermektedir. Ayni sekilde URL bilinince bu bilgiler cikartilabilir. Bir URL {\tt gopher://host:port/typepath} bilgilerinden olusur. {\tt typepath} ise {\tt type} ve {\tt path}'in arka arkaya eklenmesiyle olusur. Sayet {\tt Path} bosluk iceriyorsa bu URL'de {\tt \%20} olarak gosterilir: bilindigi gibi 16'lik sistemde 20, onluk sistemde 32'ye karsi gelir, bu ise bosluk'un ascii kodudur. Sayet elinizde gopher programi yok fakat `vt100' emulasyonlu telnet programi var ise; info.bilkent.edu.tr makinasina telnetle baglanip gopher programini kullanabilirsiniz. `login'e `gopher' olarak cevap vermeniz yeter. \bakiniz{gopher-faq, GopherGuid\_Jan12-94.ps.z, Gopher/} %\input veronica \subsubsection{Gopher'da Yol Sorma: Veronica, Jughead, Jewels, vs} \label{veronica} {\bf Veronica,} Archie, Veronica ve Jughead Amerikan cizgi film edebiyatinin sevilen kahramanlaridir. Archie'nin ftp arsivleri icin yaptigini, `veronica' gopher menuleri icin yapar; tum menu listeleri uzerinden anahtar kelime ile, \idex{veronica}\idex{gopher!veronica} \idex{jughead}\idex{gopher!jughead} \idex{gopher-jewels} sorgulama yapar. Tarama sonunda cikan nesneleri birer secenek olarak sunar; istediginize erisirsiniz. Jughead ayni isi goren baska bir programdir. Ikisine de gopher'dan ulasmak mumkundur. Basit bir veronica taramasi: \begin{alltt} --> 2. Search Over Gopherspace / --> 4. Search Gopher Directory Titles at NYSERNet {\sf yunus} (Taranan kelime) --> 1. Yunus/ \end{alltt} Bilkent Gopher'indaki ve {\tt Other Gophers and Information Servers} / {\tt Search Over Gopher Space} adi altinda goreceginiz menu soyle olacaktir: %\input jughead.tex \begin{verbatim} Search Over Gopher Space 1. Jughead.info 2. Jugheads (& SIMILAR) Non-Universal ... (Local Links)/ 3. Jugheads (& SIMILAR) Non-Universal Gopher Site Indexes/ 4. Search Gopher Directory Titles at NYSERNet 5. Search Gopher Directory Titles at PSINet 6. Search Gopher Directory Titles at U. of Manitoba 7. Search Gopher Directory Titles at U.Texas, Dallas 8. Search Gopher Directory Titles at UNINETT/U. of Bergen 9. Search Gopher Directory Titles at UNR 10. Search Gopher Directory Titles at University of Koeln 11. Search Gopher Directory Titles at University of Pisa 12 Search Gopher Jewels Menus by Key Word(s) (Bilkent) 13. Search High-Level Gopher Menus by JUGHEAD at W&L 14. Search gopherspace at NYSERNet 15. Search gopherspace at PSINet 16. Search gopherspace at U. of Manitoba 17. Search gopherspace at UNR 18. Search gopherspace at University of Pisa 19. Veronica server at U.Texas, Dallas 20. Veronica server at UNINETT/U. of Bergen 21. Veronica server at University of Koeln 22. veronica.faq \end{verbatim} Veronica ve Jughead'de tarama tek kelime ile sinirli degildir; {\bf AND, OR} ve {\bf NOT} kelimeleri kullanarak taramanin kapsamini degistirebilirsiniz. Ayrica, {\bf Key*} seklinde kismi kelimelerle de tarama yapabilirsiniz. Jughead ayni zamanda bazi kurumlardaki Gopher'i endeksleyip taratmak icin kullaniliyor. Ornegin Bilkent'te ftp arsivini ve Gopher menulerini tarayan iki jughead calismaktadir. `Non-Universal Gopher Site Indexes'de Jughead ve benzeri mekanizmalar var. Ozenle secilmis `Gopher Jewels'in listesini ise `Subject Trees' altinda ve ilk menude bulabilirsiniz.\idex{Gopher!Jewels} %\input jewels.tex \label{jewels} \begin{alltt} Gopher_Jewels 1. GOPHER JEWELS Information and Help/ 2. Community, Global and Environmental/ 3. Education, Social Sciences, Arts & Humanities/ 4. Economics, Business and Store Fronts/ 5. Engineering and Industrial Applications/ 6. Government/ 7. Health, Medical, and Disability/ 8. Internet and Computer Related Resources/ 9. Law/ 10. Library, Reference, and News/ 11. Miscellaneous Items/ 12. Natural Sciences including Mathematics/ 13. Personal Development and Recreation/ 14. Research, Technology Transfer and Grants Opportunities/ 15. Search Gopher Jewels Menus by Key Word(s) \end{alltt} {\tt Jugheads (\& SIMILAR) Non-Universal Gopher Site Indexes/}'i 1000'e yakin nesne icerir. Bunun bir kopyasi Bilkent GN server'da tarama yapmak amaciyla konmustur. Bir diger kopyasi Bilkent Gopher'inda WAIS altinda vardir. Bu 1000 civarindaki nesnelerin isimleri uzerinde tarama yapabilirsiniz. Tum gopher menulerinde {\sf /} komutu size bir tarama menusu getirecektir; oraya gireceginiz kelimeye uyan satirlar bazan yeni bir gopher menusu olarak onunuze gelecektir (veronica, wais gibi), bazan ise bir tane sunacaktir {\sf n} ({\sl next\/}) ile taramaya uyan satirlar arasinda dolasabileceksiniz. \idex{subject trees} %\input trees.tex \subsubsection*{Dinamik Subject Trees} Gopher altinda `Subject Trees' ve Web altinda `Virtual Libraries' adi altinda nesneleri belirli konular altinda orgutleme cabalari oldukca yogun. Bilkent Gopher'inda `Other Gophers ..'/`Subjects Trees' altinda sunlari gorebiliriz: \begin{verbatim} 1. Menu: Subject (Search Over All Internet)/ 2. WLU Subjects (Local Mirrors)/ 3. A_List_of_Subject_Trees/ 4. Canonical List of Subject Trees 5. Clearinghouse of Subject-Oriented Resource Guides/ 6. Gopher Jewels (at USC)/ 7. Gophers--Subject Arranged (WLU)/ 8. Information Listed by Subject (Yale browser)/ 9. Nebraska Library - gophers by subject etc/ 10. Net Gopher (Alternative Subject Tree)/ 11. Resources by subject (North Carolina State U)/ 12. Subject Tree (Sunet)/ 13. Subject Tree at Rice/ 14. Subject Tree from Library of Congress (Marvel)/ 15. Subject Tree from SWITCH (Switzerland)/ 16. Subject Tree from Texas A&M University/ 17. Subject Trees, Other Inform. Systems, Internet Resource (Sweden)/ 18. Wide Area Information Services databases/ \end{verbatim} Bunlardan 1. en gelismisi. Sadece Gopher uzayinda taramiyor, ve en onemlisi Jughead benzeri bir mekanizma ile dinamik olarak guruplamayi yapiyor. Ilgili URL: gopher://honor.uc.wlu.edu:1020/1-su 2. satirin altinda ise bu siniflandirmayi ve her bir konudaki baglanti bilgilerini bulabilirsiniz. Bu baglanti bilgilerini her hangi bir kullanici alabilir, kendi .gopherrc dosyasina yerlestirebilir ve {\sf gopher -b} komutu ile gopher'in o bilgiler uzerinden baslatabilir. Bu siniflandirma da tam 57 konu var: \begin{multicols}{4}[\centerline{WLU Konu Basliklari}] \begin{verbatim} Law History Agriculture Architecture Botany Chemistry Computers Earthquakes Economics Education Education(K-12) Fine Arts Journalism Forestry Geography Mathematics Medicine Military Science Music Non-classified Oceanography Pharmacology Philosophy Physics Politics Religion Retail Trade Science The Internet Zoology General Reference Biology, Genetics Social Science Grants, Funding International Law Library Catalogs \end{verbatim} \end{multicols} \begin{multicols}{2} \begin{verbatim} Plants, Gardening Language & Literature Weather, Meteorology Geology, Paleontology Bibliographic Indexes Games, Sports, Recreation Film, Television, Radio Psychology, Mental Health Space Sciences, Astronomy Careers, Jobs, Employment Anthropology, Archeology Naval Science, Navigation Library Catalogs(U.S-Canada) Library and Information Science Animal Culture, Veterinary Science Social Science Statistics, Census Directories of People/Institutions Commerce, Business, Accounting Engineering (Civil, Electrical) Environment, Health/Safety \end{verbatim} \end{multicols} %\input gn-search.tex \subsection*{Bilkent GN'de Taranabilen Nesneler} Bilkent GN sunucusunda `Searchable Items' adi altinda sunlari gorursunuz:\\ \begin{verbatim} 1. E-Journals NewsLetters, Bitnet Internet & Mailing Lists/ 2. Searching Over Server Lists/ 3. Search directory of lists, newsgroups, e-journals... 4. Wais search on BITNET Nodes \end{verbatim} 1. nolu dizinde elektronik liste ve benzeri mekanizmalari tarayabilirsiniz. 2. de ise gopher, web, wais sunuculari uzerinde tarama yapip ilgili adresleri ogrenebilirsiniz. 4. ise Bitnet node'larinin veri tabani uzerinde tarama yapar. 1. ve 2.ye yakindan bakarsak: %\input gn.liste \begin{verbatim} E-Journals NewsLetters, Bitnet Internet & Mailing Lists 1. Electronics Journals 'Zines/ 2. Search Over Electronic Journals 3. Electronic NewLetters/ 4. Search Over Electronic NewsLetters 5. Interest Groups Info 6. Interest Groups (List of Lists )/ 7. Search Over Interest Groups (List of Lists ) 8. Mailing Lists (& News Groups)/ 9. Search Over Mailing Lists (and News Groups) 10. Search Over Bitnet Lists 11. Search Over Internet (!) Lists 12. Software Related Lists/ 13. Search Over Software Related Lists 14. Search Over Science Lists 15. Listproc Lists/ 16. Listproc Lists 17. Mailbase Lists/ 19. Lists in Turkey/ 20. Lists in Turkey 21. Info About Listservers in Turkey Searching Over Server Lists 1. All Web Servers/ 2. Search Over All Web Servers 3. All Gopher Searchable Services/ 4. Search Over All Gopher Searchable Services 5. All Gopher Servers/ 6. Search Over All Gopher Servers 7. All Directory Services (PH ..)/ 8. Search Over All Directory Services (PH ..) 9. All Library Catalogs Servers/ 10. Search Over All Library Catalogs Servers \end{verbatim} %\input archie.gopher \subsubsection{Gopher Icinden Archie ve FTP} %\subsubsection*{Gopher Icinden Archie Taramasi } Asagidaki ornek de goruldugu gibi Gopher icinden archie taramasi yapmak ve tarama sonrasi ortaya cikan menuden secim yaparak istenilen dosyalari almak mumkundur. Bu `perl' programi ve `go4gw' ile olmaktadir. Bu ornek'den daha gelismisleri de vardir. \idex{archie}\idex{go4gw} \idex{gopher!archie} {\small \begin{alltt} Archie Searches 1. Exact search of archive sites on the internet -> 2. Substring search of archive sites on the internet Words to search for: {\sf tkWWW } Substring search of archive sites on the internet: tkWWW 1. cs.columbia.edu:..es/mirror3/tcl/contrib/extensions/tkWWW-0.10.README 2. cs.columbia.edu:..es/mirror3/tcl/contrib/extensions/tkWWW-0.10.tar.gz .... 45. gatekeeper.dec.com:..UCB/tcl/barkley/extensions/tkWWW-0.3.tar.Z \end{alltt} } Archie taramasinin sonucunda cikan menuden istediginiz satiri secip, ilgili nesneyi alabilirsiniz. %\newpage %\input ftp.gopher \subsubsection*{Gopher Icinden Ftp} Gopher icinden ftp yapmanin bir kac yolu vardir. Ya ftp yapmak istediginiz makina adi menu'de vardir ve siz o menu satirini secerek soz konusu makinaya baglanirsiniz. Bazan arsiv, gopher'in bir parcasi olabilir: Bilkent'de oldugu gibi. Bir diger yol ise, uygun bir menude siz ftp yapmak istediginiz makinanin sembolik adresini girersiniz. Asagida {\tt ftp.x.org\/} makinasina yapilan boyle bir baglanti gosterilmistir. Gopher'dan yapilan ftp'lerde henuz kutuklerin buyuklukleri ve tarihlerini goremezsiniz. \idex{gopher!ftp}\idex{ftp!gopher} \begin{alltt} Experimental Gateways --> 2. FTP host query/ --> 1. Query a specific ftp site Words to search :{\sf ftp.x.org} Query a specific ftp site: ftp.x.org --> 1. Link to ftp server ftp.x.org/ Link to ftp server ftp.x.org 1. README 2. bin/ 3. contrib/ 4. dev/ 5. digest/ 6. etc/ 7. export/ 8. ftp/ 9. ls-lR.Z 10. ls-ltR.Z 11. pub/ 12. timestamp 13. usr/ 14. welcome.msg \end{alltt} Unix gopherinda {\bf f} harfine basinca ortaya cikan menuyu doldurarak istediginiz yere baglanabilirsiniz: \\ \begin{alltt} Connect to an anonymous FTP Server via the Gopher gateway anonymous FTP Host {\sf ftp.bilkent.edu.tr} Selector (Optional) {\sf pub/INFO/Turkce/Internet} ..... bilkent-arsiv.tex .... \end{alltt} %\input wais.gopher \subsubsection{Gopher Icinden Wais Erisimi} Uygun sekilde derlenen gopher servis makinalari, soneki .src olan dosyalari gorunce bir wais sunucu prog\-rami olarak calisirlar. Kullanici icin ortaya cikan basit bir sorgulama menusudur. Bir `.src' satiri secilince, menuye bir veya daha fazla anahtar kelime verilir; sonuclar bir gopher secenekler listesi olarak ortaya cikar. Kullanici istedigi nesneleri ilgili satiri secerek alir.\idex{wais}\idex{gopher!wais}\idex{.src} Bir basit ornek:\\ \idex{wais!.src} %\input wais.1 {\small \idex{wais!gopher} \idex{gopher!wais} \begin{alltt} URL: gopher://gopher.ub2.lu.se:70/11/allWAIS/experiment/udc bib-math-paris-centre-fr: : {\sf Markov Chains} 1. ENS> Topics in controlled Markov chains / Borkar, Vivek S. 2. JMR> Markov chains with stationary transition probabilities. 2nd ed.. 3. JMR> Markov chains / Revuz, Daniel. 4. JMR> Non negative matrices and Markov chains. 2nd ed. ..neta, Eughne. 5. IHP> Markov chains with stationary transition probabilities. 2nd ed.. 6. JMR> Lectures on boundary theory for Markov chains .., Paul-Andri. Co 7. JMR> Markov chains with stationary transition probabilities .. 1917-. 8. JMR> Approximating countable Markov chains / Freedman, David A. 9. JMR> Denumerable Markov chains ..es Laurie, 1925- ; Knapp, Anthony W. 10. JMR> Finite Markov chains ..eny, John G., Snell, James Laurie, 1925-. 11. JMR> Bayesian control of Markov chains. 12. JMR> General irreducible Markov chains and non-negative operators ... 13. JMR> Bayesian control of Markov chains / Van Hee, K. M. 14. JMR> Markov chains theory and applications ..dsen, Richard W., 1941-. 15. JMR> Numerical solution of Markov chains. \end{alltt} 1.'dan gelen bilgi ise: \begin{alltt} Borkar, Vivek S. Topics in controlled Markov chains / Borkar, Vivek S. - Harlow : Longman Scientific and Technical, 1991. - [V]-179 p. ; 25 cm. - (Pitman research notes in mathematics series ; 240). - Bibliogr. - ISBN 0-582-06821-5 ENS-BM M 740 700 (240) topics in controlled Markov chains|contrtle ergodique| contrtle adaptatif|channe de Markov \end{alltt} } Bilkent Gopher'inda `Other Gophers ..' altinda `WAIS' icinde hem directory-of-servers, hem bilinen .src'lerin listesi hemde bu src'leri yakindan inceleme mekanizmasi kurulmustur. \begin{verbatim} -->1. All WAIS Sources (.src's stored at Bilkent)/ 2. Wais and Wais like Searchables/ 3. WAIS Based Information at Minnosota/ 4. WAIS-based Information at NIH/ 5. WAIS: Directory of WAIS servers from think.com 1. Search WAIS database descriptions 2. All WAIS databases/ 3. a/ ... 28. z/ \end{verbatim} `Search WAIS ..' ile .src dosyalari uzerinde tarama yapabilir, onlari okuyabilirsiniz, sonra da o .src'ler uzerinden a'dan z'ye kadar uygun yerinde bulup uzerinde tarama yapabilirsiniz. Sayet \verb+ think.com + satirini secerseniz, iki asamali tarama yaparsiniz; once .src'leri bulur, sonrada o .src'lerin tarif ettigi dokumanlar uzerinde tarama yapabilirsiniz. Fark, birinde .src dosyasini okuyabiliyorsunuz, otekinde okuyamiyorsunuz. Buna karsilik ikincisinde menu degistirmiyorsunuz. {\tt Wais and Wais like Searchables/} ise tum Wais'leri ve benzeri mekanizmalarla taranabilen nesnelere baglantilari icermektedir. Bu baglantilar uzerinde bir arama mekanizmasi ise Bilkent GN server'inda {\bf Searching Over Server Lists} adi altinda tutulmaktadir. Daha oncede belirtigimiz gibi {\sf /} komutu o an onunuzde olan menu basliklari uzerinde tarama yapmanizi saglar. Tarama sonucunda, basarili ise, yeni bir menu gelecektir. \idex{gopher!search} %\input news.gopher \subsubsection{Gopher'da News } Gopher icinden Network News'i okumanin alternatif yollari:\\ a) ODTU gopher'ina baglanip oradan okumak,\\ b) Yurt disinda baska gopher'lara baglanip okumak\\ c) Veronica ve Jughead yoluyla tarama yapip ortaya cikan secenekler kanaliyla okumak\\ d) Gateway kanaliyla okumak. \idex{news!gopher}\idex{gopher!news} Asagida bu son secenek'a it bazi goruntuler sunulmustur: \begin{verbatim} Internet Gopher Information Client 2.0 pl11 USENET News \end{verbatim} \begin{multicols}{2} \begin{verbatim} 1. alt / 2. bit / 3. biz / 4. clari / 5. comp / 6. control / 7. control 8. ege / 9. gnu / 10. international / 11. metu / 12. misc / 13. news / 14. rec / 15. sci / 16. sci 17. soc / 18. talk / 19. tr / \end{verbatim} \end{multicols} Menuden istediginiz gurubu secip, orada istediginiz haberleri okuyabilirsiniz. %\input lib.gopher \subsubsection{Gopher Icinden Kutuphane Taramasi ve Di\v{g}er Servisler} Kutuphane taramasinin klasik yolu ilgili kutuphaneye {\tt telnet\/}'le baglanip herkese acik bir hesabi kullanarak tarama yapmaktir. {\bf hytelnet} bunu daha uygar yapmaya ve kutuphaneler listesini guncellemeye yonelik hypertext'e benzer bir sistemdir. Gopher ve web icinden hytelnet'e baglantilar vardir.\idex{hytelnet}\idex{library} \idex{gopher!library}\idex{gopher!z3950}\idex{library!z3950} Gopher icinde `Libraries' adi altinda bunlarin toplandigini gorebilirsiniz. Isterseniz, Jughead/Veronica ile tarama yapip oradan basliyabilirsiniz. Ayrica, cografi konumuna gore siniflandirma oldugu gibi, `Subject Trees' adi altindaki konu rehberlerinde de o konuyla ilgili kutuphaneleri bulabilirsiniz. Hytelnet kullanarak yapilan bir kutuphane taramasi ornegi daha sonra verilmistir. Son zamanlarda yeni beliren bir egilim ise kutuphane kayitlarini indeksleyip, bu indeksler uzerinden tarama yapmaktir. Ornegin Rice Universitesi tum kart katalogunu {\tt wais} kullanarak indekslemis ve bu sekilde taramaya acmistir. \verb+ + isaretini kutuphane ile ilgili bir satirda gorurseniz, orada bu tur bir tarama olanagi vardir. Fransa'da kutuphanelerin onemli bir kesimi bu tur taramaya olanak saglamistir. Yale ve Minnesota Universitelerinde de boyle tarama mumkundur. Asagida Minnesota Universitesi gopher'indan ABD Kongre kutuphanesinde yapilan bir tarama gosterilmistir. Ilgili menu satiri, URL ve tarama tutanagi soyledir:\\[-10pt] \idex{library!wais} \begin{alltt} --> 3. Search Library of Congress records from 12-91 to Present URL: gopher://joeboy.micro.umn.edu:70/77/books/.waisindex/index Search Library of Congress records from 12-91 to Present: {\sf Turkish} 1. AUTHENTIC TURKISH DESIGNS / Azade Akar. -- New York: Dover, 1992. 2. THE SEED AND THE SOIL : gender and cosmology in Turkish village 3. SWIMMING AGAINST THE TIDE : Turkish trade reform in the 1980s / Anne --> 4. BERJI KRISTIN : (tales from the garbage hills) : a novel / Latife BERJI KRISTIN : (tales from the garbage hills) : a novel / Latife Tekin ; introduction by John Berger ; translated from the Turkish by Ruth Christie and Saliha Paker. -- London ; New York : Marion Boyars ; New York : Distributed in the U.S. and Canada by Rizzoli International, 1992. Translation of: Berci Kristin cop masallari. ISBN 0-7145-2944-3 : $21.95 CIP (Mar. 92) \end{alltt} Wais protokolu Z39.50 protokolun 1988 surumunu esas almistir. Z39.50'nin 1992 surumunu esas alan yeni bir uygulama cok yeni ortaya cikmistir ve oldukca cok sayida kutuphaneyi icermektedir. Dogrudam `Marc1'e uyumlu veritabanlariyla calisan bu yazilimin `client' kismi kamuya acilmistir. Bilkent gopher'inda boyle bir yazilim calismaktadir. \begin{alltt} -->5. Other Gophers and Information Servers/ -->23. Libraries/ -->1. Gopher to Z39.50 Gateways/ 1. Melvyl/ .... 83. World Law Index/ -->78. University of California Book Catalog Title Author Subject {\sf combinatorial} MaxRecs 10 (enter 1 or more of the search fields) 1. View All Of The Retreived Records: 632 total hits, 10 returned 2. Enumerative combinatorics of Young tableaux ..hreeram S. Abhyankar. ..... --> 17. Combinatorial theory / Martin Aigner. 17. Combinatorial theory / Martin Aigner. Author: Aigner, Martin, 1942. Title: Combinatorial theory / Martin Aigner. Publisher: New York : Springer Verlag, 1979. Pages: viii, 483 p. : ill. ; 25 cm. Series: Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften ; 234. Notes: Includes index. Bibliography: p. [453]-469. Subjects: Combinatorial analysis. \end{alltt} \verb+ + seklindeki satirlar'a `ASK-FORM' diyoruz. Bunlar gopher+'in bir ozelligidir ve Web client'larinda yoktur. \idex{z39.50}\idex{gopher!gopher+}\idex{gopher!ask-form} %\input diger.gopher \subsubsection*{Gopher'da Diger Servisler} Daha ileride de belirtecegimiz gibi Gopher kanaliyla, {\bf finger, phone book, whois, X.500} gibi `directory' servislerine erismek mumkundur. Ayrica gene bir adres bulma programi olan {\bf netfind} programini kullanmak da mumkundur. Gene gopher uzayinda bilgi topliyan {\bf whatsnewd} ve {\bf travel} gibi programlar da vardir. Gopher'dan en gelismis Internet server'i olan www nesnelerine de erismek mumkundur. Unix gopher'inda bu {\bf lynx} programi kanaliyla olmaktadir. Gopher wais disinda da taranabilen nesneleri menu halinde kullaniciya sunmaya izin vermektedir. `Gateway' denilen gecis mekanizmalari ile baska programlara erismek mumkundur. Bunlar `perl', `python', `expect' `tk/tcl' gibi dillerle de olabilmektedir. Veritabanlari ile etkilesim en yaygin uygulamalar arasinda. Z39.50 boyle bir uygulama. Bir gopher surumu olan gopher+'in ASK\_FORM'i uye olmak, alisveris yapmak gibi etkilesimli islemler yapmak mumkundur. \newpage %\input www.tex \subsection{HyperText ve Coklu Medya Agi: WWW} %\section*{Fizikcinin Agi: WWW} Avrupa Nukleer Arastirma Merkezi CERN'de Yuksek Enerji Fizikcileri icin baslatilan {\bf World Wide Web}, projesi {\bf Gopher, Wais, ftp, Archie, News}'un uzerine HyperText'i koymustur; ve simdilerde coklu media'ya da olanak vermektedir. Kisaca {\tt WWW} yada {\tt Web} olarak da bilinir. Ornegin, bazi dokumanlari okumak veya dinlemek seceneginiz var; ses dosyalarini ve `mpeg' film nesnelerini eylem halinde algilamaniz mumkun. Bunun icin tabii, yenetekli bir is istasyonu yeterli olmaktadir. Dokumanlar, HyperText Markup Language (HTML) ile isaretlenmis durumdadir. Bir hypertext dokumani genellikle okuyuca kucuk sayfalar olarak sunulur ve icinde ilgili diger dokumanlara, parcalara, resim, tablo gibi nesnelere baglanti isaretleri (link, anchor) bulunur. Bu isaretler, kucuk ikonlar, alti cizili satirlar, golgeli satirlar, farkli renkli cumlecikler gibi karsiniza cikar. Bu gostergelerden birini secince, onun isaret ettigi dokumana, dunyanin neresinde olursa olsun hemen baglaniyorsunuz. CERN'de bulunan bir dokumani okuyamaya baslayip, oradan Avustralya'ya gecip, oradan Illinois'a gecmek cok kolay olan bir sey. {\sl WWW server} programlari HTTP protokolune gore calisiyorlar. Uygun bir makina, `client' ve hizli hat bilesiminde ekraniniz bir kitap yada basili dokuman kadar yeteneklidir, ayrica ses ve film yetenekleri caba. Okudugunuz dokumandaki tablolar, sekiller, resimler, hareketli resimler ve sesi algilayabilirsiniz. Dokumanlar icin metamail siniflandirmasi kullanilmakta, tanimlanan bir uygulama icin belirtilen program cagrilmakta; bu ise genis olanaklar sunmaktadir. Web uygulama programlari (client) kullaniciya okudugu dokumandan bagimsiz olarak her hangi bir nesneye, onun URL'i kanaliyla baglanma olanagi verirler. Ayrica `Hot List', `bookmark' gibi adlarla onemli URL'leri saklayip kolayca erisim olanagi sunmaktadir. Kullanicinin bazi satirlari doldurabildigi form destegi sunmakta, boylece cok sayida ticari, egitimsel ve baska uygulamalara olanak saglamaktadir. Client'ler ya derleme sirasinda yerlestirilmis veya yeniden duzenlenebilen, onemli adresleri iceren `Index' turu bazi nesne erisimi otamatik hale getirmistir: ornegin Mosaic 'de Meta-Index ve Network Starting Points isimli dokumanlara Menu'den erismek mumkundur. CGI (Common Gateway Interface) standartlarinin gelismesiyle, baska uygulamalara Web kanaliyla erismek mumkun olabilmektedir. SQL temelli veritabanlari, wais, archie, x.500; Unix, VMS yardim dokumanlari (man pages) gecitlerini sayabiliriz. Mosaic 2.+ ve lynx dogrudan (gecitsiz) wais erisimine sahiptir. Web ve Gopher dunyasinda yogun bir indeksleme ve siniflandirma cabasi surmektedir. CERN, NCSA, MIT, UK'de iki merkezde, Nova Universitesinde yogun bir caba surmektedir. Gopher dunyasinda `Subject Trees' adi altinda toplanan elektronik kutuphaneler Web dunyasinda `Virtual Library' ler denmektedir. Bunlar genellikle konuya gore dallanma, (havacilik, astronomi, biyoloji bilimleri, bilgisayar bilimleri, ve beseri bilimler) bu arada yer yer (ornegin CERN'de) {\sl Server\/} tipine (WWW, Gopher, News, Archie, FTP gibi) gore bir dallanma vardir. %ve iii) Orgut tipine gore bir dallanma. %Yuksek enerji fizigi ile ilgili merkezler, dokumanlar %disinda, VAX VMS yardim sayfalarina, Unix Manual %sayfalarina, %Manual Pages altinda, %SUN, HP/UX, Aix, Ultrix, Vax/VMS, %TeXinfo, X11 dokumanlarina, RFC'lere, %Documents'in altinda, %`White House Papers' kadar erismek mumkun. Cern'in {\tt defaut.html}'i sizi bu `Virtual Library'ye baglar. NCSA {\tt Meta Index} ve {\tt Internet Starting Points} `sayfalari' Web'den yararlanmak isteyenler icin alternatif baslangic noktalaridir. %Bu dokumanin basinda verdigim %verdigim dokumanlar daha sagliklidir. Bu arada `Nova Links' ve `Michigan Clearing House' baglantilarina dikkatinizi cekmek isterim. WWW dunyasindaki gelismeler o kadar hizli ki; sadece on-line dokumantasyon saglaniyor. Web dagiticilari tek tek kullanicilara, denetimi kendinde olmak uzere Internet uzerinden nesne paylasimina olanak saglamaktadir. Kullanicinin \verb+ ~/public_html+ altina koydugu nesneler tum ag uzerinden gorulur; \verb+ ~kullanici+ soz konusu yeri belirler. Ornegin Louvre'a boyle bir mekanizma ile erisebilirsiniz: {\tt http://mistral.enst.fr/\verb+~+pioch/louvre/} Bir Unix makinasinda, kendi denetimizdeki bu \verb+public_html+ icinde de isterseniz, erisimi sifre denetimi ile kisatliyabilirsiniz. Web de dizin (directory) temelinde erisimi denetleyebilirsiniz. Su anda en yetenekli {\sl client} {\bf Mosaic} (mosaic-2.4/2.5) ve onun surumleri'dir: arena, netscape, airmosaic, webexpander v.s. 5 ticari firma mosaic lisansi ile yeni surumler yapmaktadir; ilk mosaic ve lynx ekibinin elamanlari netscape (Mozilla) uzerinde calismaktadir. Mosaic'in X11, Mac ve MsWindows surumleri var. NCSA tarafindan gelistirilen Mosaic belli basli Unix is istasyonlari icin `binary' olarak ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu'den alinabilir. Mac ve MsWindows `binary'leri de ayni adresden alinabilir. (Bilkent ve ODTU arsivlerinde bunlari ve benzeri pek cok yazilimi guncel halde tutuluyor.) X11 altinda calisan {\bf tkWWW} Mosaic'e yaklasmakta ve ayrica .html dosylari yaratmaya izin vermektedir. Kansas Universitesi tarafindan gelistirilen {\bf lynx} ise en yeni text temelli WWW client programidir. Campus Wide Information System (CWIS) amacli gelistirildigi icin vt100 terminallerinde ve ustunde calismaktadir. Gopher'a baglanabildigi gibi, gopher'da WWW ajani olarak da calismaktadir. {\sl Client\/} olarak, {\sl line mode\/}da calisan bir {\bf www}, Bunlarin disinda {\sl chimera, viola, midas, erwise} gibi X11 altinda calisan baska `client'larida var. \idex{web}\idex{www|see{web}} \idex{Cello} \idex{web!client!Cello} \idex{web!client!Mosaic} \idex{web!client!WinWeb} \idex{web!client!TkWWW} \idex{web!client!viola} \idex{web!client!arena} \idex{web!client!netscape},\idex{web!client!Mozilla} \idex{netscape} \idex{arena} \idex{Mozilla} \idex{web!client!lynx} {\bf Cello} MsWindows altinda calisan WWW uygulama programi olarak {\bf WinMosaic, Cello, Winweb, Mozilla}'yi sayabiliriz. Mac icin ise MacWeb, MacMosiac ve Mozilla'yi sayabiliriz. \ \quad \idex{web}\idex{www}\idex{WinWeb}\idex{Mosaic}\idex{lynx} Web servis'i veren degisik yazilimlar arasinda Cern, NCSA, gn, wn, plexus'u sayabiliriz. \idex{gn}\idex{plexus}\idex{wn} \idex{web!server!cern} \idex{web!server!ncsa} \idex{web!server!gn} \idex{web!server!plexus} Web kullanarak ftp, gopher, wais vs'yi kullanabiliyorsunuz. Ornegin \begin{verbatim} Web-prog ftp://ftp.bilkent.edu.tr/pub/ Web-prog file://ftp.bilkent.edu.tr/pub/ Web-prog http://www.bilkent.edu.tr/prv/ftp/ Web-prog file://localhost/ftp/ftp/pub/ Web-prog gopher://gopher.bilkent.edu.tr/11/bilkent/archive \end{verbatim} komutlari sizi ayni yere iletecektir. Diger bir deyisle Web programlari URL'i tanimaktadirlar. Yanlizca `localhost' iceren komut sadece yerel ag icinde bazi makinalarda gecerlidir. Yukaridaki ornekte goruldugu gibi bir web programini gopher'a erismek veya ftp yapmak icinde kullanabilirsiniz. Ornegin, {\sf lynx ftp://ftp.x.org/} sizi X konsorsiyomun arsivine baglar, ve {\sf lynx gopher://gopher.loc.gov} ise ABD Kongre gopher'ina baglar. {\sf lynx .} ise icinde bulundugunuz